Background
Methods
The aim, design and setting of the study
Sample size estimation and sampling
Data collection and management
Statistical analysis
Participant and public involvement
Results
Socio-demographic characteristics of adolescents in the CARP study
Characteristic | Adolescents of FSWs N (%) | Adolescents of non-FSWs N (%) | Total N (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Age in years median (IQR) | 12.0 (10–13) | 13.0 (10–15) | 12 (10–14) |
Sex | |||
Male | 58 (39.5) | 51 (34.7) | 109 (37.1) |
Female | 89 (60.5) | 96 (65.3) | 185 (62.9) |
Education level | |||
≤Primary | 138 (93.9) | 134 (91.2) | 272 (92.5) |
Secondary | 9 (6.1) | 13 (8.8) | 22 (7.5) |
Currently in school | |||
No | 34 (23.1) | 16 (10.9) | 50 (17.0) |
Yes | 113 (76.9) | 131 (89.1) | 244 (83.0) |
Religion | |||
Catholic | 71 (48.3) | 75 (51.0) | 146 (49.7) |
Protestant | 12 (8.2) | 22 (15.0) | 34 (11.5) |
Other Christian | 50 (34.0) | 41 (27.9) | 91 (31.0) |
Muslim | 14 (9.5) | 9 (6.1) | 23 (7.8) |
Sexually active | |||
No | 142 (96.6) | 136 (92.5) | 278 (94.6) |
Yes | 5 (3.4) | 11 (7.5) | 16 (5.4) |
Socio-demographic characteristics of mothers of adolescents in the CARP study
Characteristic | FSWs N (%) | Non-FSWs N (%) | Total (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Median age (IQR) in years | 29 (27–32) | 32 (28–37) | 30 (27–35) |
Education level | |||
≤Primary | 102 (69.4) | 107 (72.8) | 209 (71.1) |
Secondary | 45 (30.6) | 40 (27.2) | 85 (28.9) |
Live in a rented housing | |||
No | 5 (3.4) | 27 (18.4) | 32 (10.9) |
Yes | 142 (96.6) | 120 (81.6) | 262 (89.1) |
Marital status | |||
Never married | 33 (22.5) | 3 (2.0) | 36 (12.3) |
Married/cohabiting | 8 (5.4) | 47 (32.0) | 55 (18.7) |
Divorced | 81 (55.1) | 69 (46.9) | 150 (51.0) |
Widowed | 25 (17.0) | 28 (19.1) | 53 (18.0) |
Highest household income earner | |||
Mother | 136 (92.5) | 105 (71.4) | 241(82.0) |
A household member | 11 (7.5) | 42 (28.6) | 53 (18.0) |
Mother’s monthly income (Shillings) | |||
Q1: ≤100,000 | 66 (44.9) | 56 (38.1) | 122 (41.5) |
Q2: >100,000-≤150,000 | 27 (18.4) | 32 (21.8) | 59 (20.1) |
Q3: >150,000-≤210,000 | 18 (12.2) | 23 (15.7) | 41 (14.0) |
Q4: >2100,000 | 36 (24.5) | 36 (24.5) | 72 (24.5) |
Have another adult in the household | |||
No | 110 (74.8) | 90 (61.2) | 200 (68.0) |
Yes | 37 (25.2) | 57 (38.8) | 94 (32.0) |
Was drinking alcohol during the last six month | |||
No | 35 (23.8) | 129 (87.8) | 164 (55.8) |
Yes | 112 (76.2) | 18 (12.2) | 130 (44.2) |
Ever got drunk during the last six months | |||
No | 40 (27.2) | 140 (95.2) | 180 (61.2) |
Yes | 107 (72.8) | 7 (4.8) | 114 (38.8) |
Use street drug | |||
No | 97 (66.4) | 145 (98.6) | 242 (82.6) |
Yes | 49 (33.6) | 2 (1.4) | 51 (17.4) |
Left children to sleep alone without an adult | |||
No | 13 (8.8) | 118 (80.3) | 131 (44.6) |
Sometimes | 58 (39.5) | 22 (15.0) | 80 (27.2) |
Always | 76 (51.7) | 7 (4.8) | 83 (28.2) |
HIV status | |||
Negative | 88 (59.9) | 108 (73.5) | 196 (66.7) |
Positive | 55 (40.1) | 39 (26.5) | 98 (33.3) |
Prevalence of childhood victimization among adolescents
Characteristic | Is the mother a sex worker? | Adolescent’s age (years) | Adolescent’s sex | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes N (%) | No N (%) | PPD (%) | p-value | 10–13 N (%) | 14–17 N (%) | PPD (%) | p-value | Male N (%) | Female N (%) | PPD (%) | P-value | ||
C. Conventional crime
| 140(95.2) | 138(93.9) | 1.3 | 0.607 | 188(93.1) | 90(97.8) | -4.7 | 0.095 | 105(96.3) | 173(93.5) | 2.8 | 0.304 | |
C1.Robbery | 97(66.0) | 93(63.3) | 2.7 | 0.626 | 125(61.9) | 65(70.7) | -8.8 | 0.145 | 80(73.4) | 110(59.5) | 13.9 | 0.016 | |
C2.Personal theft | 127(86.4) | 120(81.6) | 4.8 | 0.265 | 162(80.2) | 85(92.4) | -12.2 | 0.008 | 99(90.8) | 148(80.0) | 10.8 | 0.014 | |
C3.Vandalism | 103(70.6) | 109(74.1) | -3.5 | 0.491 | 136(67.3) | 76(83.5) | -16.2 | 0.004 | 86(78.9) | 126(68.5) | 10.4 | 0.054 | |
C4.Assault with weapon | 87(59.2) | 79(53.7) | 5.5 | 0.347 | 114(56.4) | 52(56.5) | -0.1 | 0.989 | 63(57.8) | 103(55.7) | 2.1 | 0.723 | |
C5. Assault without weapon | 97(66.0) | 95(64.6) | 1.4 | 0.806 | 119(58.9) | 73(79.4) | -20.5 | 0.001 | 77(70.6) | 115(62.2) | 8.4 | 0.140 | |
C6.Attempted assault | 91(61.9) | 100(68.0) | -6.1 | 0.271 | 127(62.9) | 64(69.6) | -6.7 | 0.265 | 78(71.6) | 113(61.1) | 10.5 | 0.069 | |
C7.Kidnap | 23(15.8) | 7(4.8) | 11.0 | 0.002 | 24(11.9) | 6(6.5) | 5.4 | 0.156 | 13(11.9) | 17(9.2) | 2.7 | 0.463 | |
C8.Bias attack | 5(3.4) | 0(0) | 3.4 | 0.060 | 3(1.5) | 2(2.2) | -0.7 | 0.672 | 3(2.8) | 2(1.1) | 1.7 | 0.284 | |
M. Caregiver victimization
| 136(92.5) | 144(98.0) | -5.5 | 0.028 | 190(94.1) | 90(97.8) | -3.7 | 0.160 | 107(98.2) | 173(93.5) | 4.7 | 0.070 | |
M1.Physical abuse | 127(86.4) | 142(96.6) | -10.2 | 0.002 | 180(89.1) | 89(96.7) | -7.6 | 0.030 | 103(94.5) | 166(89.7) | 4.8 | 0.157 | |
M2.Emotional abuse | 96(65.8) | 75(50.0) | 15.8 | 0.011 | 108(53.7) | 63(68.5) | -14.8 | 0.017 | 68(63.0) | 103(55.7) | 7.3 | 0.222 | |
M3.Physical/emotional neglect | 55(37.4) | 31(21.1) | 16.3 | 0.002 | 57(28.2) | 29(31.5) | -3.3 | 0.564 | 38(34.9) | 48(26.0) | 8.9 | 0.105 | |
M4.Custodian interference | 38(25.8) | 26(17.7) | 8.1 | 0.090 | 42(20.8) | 22(23.9) | -3.1 | 0.548 | 19(17.4) | 45(24.3) | -6.9 | 0.167 | |
P. Peer/sibling victimization
| 120(81.6) | 109(74.1) | 7.5 | 0.122 | 151(74.8) | 78(84.8) | -10.0 | 0.055 | 92(84.4) | 137(74.1) | 10.3 | 0.039 | |
P1.Gang/group assault | 56(38.1) | 52(35.4) | 2.7 | 0.628 | 71(35.1) | 37(40.2) | -5.1 | 0.403 | 46(42.2) | 62(33.5) | 8.7 | 0.136 | |
P2.Peer/sibling assault | 78(53.0) | 65(44.2) | 8.8 | 0.129 | 90(44.6) | 53(57.6) | -13.0 | 0.038 | 54(49.5) | 89(48.1) | 1.4 | 0.812 | |
P3.Physical intimidation | 15(10.2) | 6(4.1) | 6.1 | 0.042 | 12(5.9) | 9(9.8) | -3.9 | 0.236 | 9(8.3) | 12(6.5) | 1.8 | 0.569 | |
P4.Relational aggression | 53(36.0) | 27(18.4) | 17.6 | 0.001 | 57(28.2) | 23(25.0) | 3.2 | 0.565 | 34(31.2) | 46(24.9) | 6.3 | 0.239 | |
P5.Verbal aggression | 101(68.7) | 69(46.9) | 21.8 | < 0.001 | 107(53.0) | 63(68.5) | -15.5 | 0.013 | 71(65.1) | 99(53.5) | 11.6 | 0.051 | |
P6.Dating violence | 21(7.1) | 21(7.1) | 0 | 0.258 | 10(5.0) | 11(12.0) | -7.0 | 0.031 | 10(9.2) | 11(6.0) | 3.2 | 0.299 | |
S. Sexual victimization
| 46(31.3) | 26(17.7) | 13.6 | 0.007 | 40(19.8) | 32(34.8) | -15.0 | 0.006 | 34(31.2) | 38(20.5) | 10.7 | 0.040 | |
S1.Sexual assault by a known adult | 11(7.5) | 5(3.4) | 4.1 | 0.123 | 7(3.5) | 9(9.8) | -6.3 | 0.027 | 6(5.5) | 10(5.4) | 0.1 | 0.971 | |
S2.Sexual assault by an unknown adult | 8(5.4) | 2(1.4) | 4.0 | 0.103 | 5(2.5) | 5(5.4) | -2.9 | 0.194 | 3(2.8) | 7(3.8) | -1.0 | 0.637 | |
S3.Sexual assault by peer/sibling | 8(5.4) | 8(5.4) | 0 | 1.000 | 5(2.5) | 11(12.0) | -9.5 | 0.001 | 11(10.1) | 5(2.7) | 7.4 | 0.007 | |
S4.Forced sex includes an attempt | 14(9.5) | 6(4.1) | 5.4 | 0.064 | 11(5.5) | 9(9.8) | -4.3 | 0.171 | 5(4.6) | 15(8.1) | -3.5 | 0.247 | |
S5.Flashing/sexual exposure | 16(10.8) | 10(6.8) | 4.0 | 0.218 | 16(7.9) | 10(10.9) | -3.0 | 0.409 | 11(10.1) | 15(8.1) | 2.0 | 0.563 | |
S6.Verbal sexual harassment | 30(20.4) | 8 (5.4) | 15.0 | < 0.001 | 24(11.9) | 14(15.2) | -3.3 | 0.429 | 25(22.9) | 13(7.0) | 15.9 | < 0.001 | |
S7.Statutory rape | 4(2.7) | 8(5.4) | -2.7 | 0.238 | 4(2.0) | 8(8.7) | -5.7 | 0.007 | 4(3.7) | 8(4.3) | -0.6 | 0.784 | |
W. Witnessed/indirect victimization
| 137(93.2) | 134(91.2) | 2.0 | 0.515 | 180(89.1) | 91(98.9) | -9.8 | 0.004 | 102(93.6) | 169(91.3) | 2.3 | 0.492 | |
W1.Witness to domestic violence | 58(39.5) | 39(26.5) | 13.0 | 0.018 | 59(29.2) | 38(41.3) | -12.1 | 0.041 | 39(35.8) | 58(31.3) | 4.5 | 0.435 | |
W2.Witness to parent assaulting | 80(54.4) | 73(49.7) | 4.7 | 0.414 | 99(49.0) | 54(58.7) | -9.7 | 0.123 | 56(51.4) | 97(52.4) | 1.0 | 0.861 | |
W3.Witness to assault with a weapon | 96(65.3) | 104(70.8) | -5.5 | 0.317 | 131(64.9) | 69(75.0) | -10.1 | 0.084 | 79(72.5) | 121(65.4) | 7.1 | 0.209 | |
W4.Witness to assault without a weapon | 115(78.2) | 117(79.6) | -1.4 | 0.775 | 150(74.3) | 82(89.1) | -14.8 | 0.004 | 88(80.7) | 144(77.8) | 2.9 | 0.557 | |
W5.Burglary of family household | 97(66.0) | 83(56.5) | -9.5 | 0.094 | 125(61.9) | 55(59.8) | 2.1 | 0.732 | 73(67.0) | 107(57.8) | 9.2 | 0.121 | |
W6.Witness to the murder of a relative | 46(31.3) | 31(21.1) | 10.2 | 0.047 | 48(23.8) | 29(31.5) | -7.7 | 0.161 | 35(32.1) | 42(22.7) | 9.4 | 0.076 | |
W7.Exposure to a murder scene | 63(42.9) | 39(26.5) | 16.4 | 0.003 | 69(34.2) | 33(35.9) | -1.7 | 0.775 | 40(36.7) | 62(33.5) | 3.2 | 0.580 | |
W8.Exposure to war | 50(34.0) | 47(32.0) | 2.0 | 0.710 | 61(30.2) | 36(39.1) | -8.9 | 0.131 | 29(26.6) | 68(36.8) | -10.2 | 0.074 | |
W9.Witness to random shooting | 10(6.8) | 5(3.4) | 3.4 | 0.185 | 8(4.0) | 7(7.6) | -3.6 | 0.187 | 6(5.5) | 9(4.9) | -0.6 | 0.810 | |
Mean victimization score (mean [SD]) | 13.4(6.4) | 11.5(5.1) | 1.9 | 0.005 | 11.7(5.9) | 14.0(5.4) | -2.3 | 0.002 | 13.4(5.8) | 11.9(5.8) | 1.5 | 0.030 |