Background
Methods
Data sources and search strategy
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Study selection and data extraction
Study (year) | Population setting | Total patient | AKI (%) | Mean age (y) | Male (%) | HTN (%) | DM (%) | CKD (%) | CHF (%) | Baseline SCr (mg/dL)a | Endpoint | Follow-up duration | AKI criteria | Timing of PENK measurement | PENK assay |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Shah et al. [29] | Cardiac surgery | 92 | 20 (21.7) | 66 | 98.8 | 35.9 | 58.7 | 13 | N/A | 1.26 and 0.99 | Post-op AKI | Until discharge | AKIN | Pre-op | ILMA |
Mossanen et al. [30] | Cardiac surgery | 107 | 21 (19.6) | 69 | 72 | 75.7 | 36.4 | 36.4 | 9 | 1.0 and 0.9 | Post-op AKI | 4 days post-op | KDIGO | Pre-op | ILMA |
Kim et al. [31] | Sepsis | 167 | 41 (24.6) | 70 | 59.3 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | AKI | 2 days post enrollment | KDIGO | Upon enrollment | ILMA |
Ng et al. [32] | Acute heart failure | 1572 | 236 (15) | 76 | 63.1 | 71.0 | 32.4 | 34.5 | 44.2 | 1.61 and 1.39 | AKI | 5 days post admission | KDIGO | Admission | ILMA |
Hollinger et al. [33] | Sepsis | 582 | 360 (61.9) | 66 | 62.4 | 50.5 | 27.5 | 13.1 | N/A | 1.35 | Persistent AKI by day 7 | 7 days post admission | KDIGO | Admission | ILMA |
Breidthardt et al. [16] | CKD with contrast medium exposure | 111 | 7 (6.3) | 77 | 62.2 | 84.7 | 43.2 | 100 | 33 | 1.60 and 1.50 | Contrast-induced AKI | 2 days post contrast medium exposure | SCr ≥ 25% or 0.5 mg/dL ↑ from baseline within the first 48 h after contrast medium exposure | Day 0 | ILMA |
Rosenqvist et al. [15] | Sepsis | 588 | 94 (16) | 73 | 51.0 | N/A | 19.4 | 7.7 | 18.9 | 1.75 and 0.90 | AKI | 7 days post presentation | AKIN stage 3 or SCr ≥ 50% ↑ from baseline with an initial SCr > 2 mg/dL within 7 days | Emergency department presentation | ILMA |
Molvin et al. [34] | Acute heart failure | 530 | 67 (12.6) | 76 | 60.2 | 96.8 | 36.6 | 12.6 | 53.8 | 1.37 | AKI | 2 days post admission | SCr ≥ 50% or 0.3 mg/dL ↑ from baseline within 48 h after admission | Admission | ILMA |
Liu et al. [35] | Sepsis | 42 | 16 (38.1) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | AKI | N/A | KDIGO | Within 48 h after the diagnosis of sepsis | N/A |
Lima et al. [36] | Liver transplant | 57 | 36 (63.2) | 58 | 61.4 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1.00 and 0.82 | Post-op AKI stage 2–3 | 7 days post-op | KDIGO | Pre-op | ILMA |
Zhao et al. [37] | Acute heart failure | 121 | 31 (25.6) | 66 | 59.5 | 64.5 | 26.4 | 13.2 | N/A | 1.95 and 0.88 | AKI | Until discharge | KDIGO | Admission | ELISA |
Outcome
Quality assessment
Pre-specified subgroup analysis
Data synthesis and statistical analysis
Results
Search results and study characteristics
Study (year) | No. of patients | PENK cutoff (pmol/L) | Sensitivity | Specificity | AUC (95% CI) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
True-positive | False-positive | False-negative | True-negative | |||||
Shah et al. [29] | 11 | 9 | 10 | 62 | N/A | 0.55 | 0.86 | 0.683 (N/A) |
Mossanen et al. [30] | 12 | 9 | 30 | 56 | 93.2 | 0.59 | 0.65 | 0.651 (N/A) |
Kim et al. [31] | 27 | 14 | 26 | 100 | 154.5 | 0.66 | 0.79 | 0.725 (0.651–0.791) |
Ng et al. [32] | 132 | 104 | 454 | 882 | 116.7 | 0.56 | 0.66 | 0.642 (0.605–0.680) |
Hollinger et al. [33] | 256 | 104 | 34 | 188 | 84.2 | 0.71 | 0.85 | 0.854 (0.823–0.884) |
Breidthardt et al. [16] | 5 | 2 | 32 | 72 | N/A | 0.71 | 0.69 | 0.60 (0.34–0.86) |
Rosenqvist et al. [15] | 67 | 27 | 124 | 370 | N/A | 0.71 | 0.75 | 0.758 (0.702–0.815) |
Molvin et al. [34] | 43 | 24 | 190 | 273 | 104 | 0.64 | 0.59 | 0.652 (0.583–0.721) |
Liu et al. [35] | 10 | 6 | 0 | 26 | 67.0 | 0.61 | 1.00 | 0.884 (0.738–0.965) |
Lima et al. [36] | 31 | 5 | 10 | 11 | 55.3 | 0.86 | 0.52 | 0.69 (0.54–0.83) |
Zhao et al. [37] | 28 | 3 | 16 | 74 | 57.0 | 0.90 | 0.82 | 0.808 (0.54–0.83) |