Introduction
Materials and methods
Scope of the review
Literature search
Evaluation of studies
Selection of subjects (selection bias)
-
in case-control studies, participation rates were unknown or < 50%1 in cases and/or controls
-
in cohort studies, loss to follow-up was ≥ 50%.
-
the availability of exposure information was < 50% among designated study participants.
-
study groups did not represent the same base population; for case-control studies this was assumed for mainly dermatologic controls or other sources of controls that do presumably not represent the general population.
Exposure variables
Outcome variables
Data analysis
Meta-(regression) analyses
Course of analyses
Results
Literature search
Evaluation of the literature
Meta-(regression) analyses
Study | Data analysis | Selections bias | Exposure | Outcome | Strata in meta-analysis; Analyzed comparison | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Participation ratea/Follow-up rate | Controls/Comparison group | Exposure complete | Overall | Exposure referenceb | quantitative | Explicitly first BCC in cases | |||||
Cancer registry-based study | |||||||||||
Radespiel-Tröger et al. 2009 [16] (Cohort design) | + | c | − | − | + | − | + | Men: longest (or, if not available, last) occupation outdoor- vs. indoor; Women; outdoor/indoor- vs. indoor | |||
Seidler et al. 2006 [17] (Case-control design) | + | other cancer cases | − | − | + | − | − | Men; Women; longest/last occupation farmer/farm helper vs. “white-collar”-jobs/indoor production jobs | |||
Cohort study | |||||||||||
Cai et al. 2020 [18] | + | 99.89% | + | population-based | + | + | + | − | − | + | Men; Women; agricultural jobs/fishery/forestry vs. all other jobs |
Laakkonen and Pukkala 2008 [19] | + | 100% | + | population-based | + | + | + | − | − | − | Farmers from 1978 until at least 1990/1994 vs. general population; Farmers from 1978 until before 1990/1994 vs. general population |
Neale et al. 2007 [20] | + | 100% | + | population-based | + | + | + | + | − | − | BCC at head/neck; BCC at trunk; Jobs in life mainly outdoor vs. indoor |
Hannuksela-Svahn et al. 1999 [21] | + | 100% | + | population-based | + | + | + | − | − | − | Men; Women; Agriculture/Fishery/Forestry vs. general population |
Green et al. 1996 [22] | + | 80% | + | population-based | + | + | + | + | − | − | Mainly outdoor- vs. mainly indoor occupations in life |
Case-control study | |||||||||||
Schmitt et al. 2018 [23] | +d | 21% | − | population-based | + | + | − | + | + | + | ≥ 5,870.5 vs. 0 standard erythema dosage |
Kricker et al. 2017 [24] | + | 31% | − | population-based | + | + | − | + | + | + | 30 + vs. 0 years outdoor work |
Lindelöf et al. 2017 [25] | + | 100% | + | population-based | + | + | + | + | − | − | Men; Women; primary occupation between 31 and 50 years of age farmer/forester/gardener vs. clerical worker |
Trakatelli et al. 2016 [26] | + | unknown | − | dermatological; not representative | − | + | − | + | + | − | > 5 vs. 0 years outdoor work |
Atis et al. 2015 [27] | − | unknown | − | not representative (volunteers) | − | + | − | + | − | − | outdoor work yes vs. no |
Surdu et al. 2013 [28] | + | 90% | + | hospital-based | + | + | + | + | + | − | > 5075 vs. 0 h occupational exposure |
Caccialanza et al. 2012 [29] | − | unknown | − | dermatological | − | + | − | + | − | − | occupational exposure of at least 6 months yes vs. no |
Iannacone et al. 2012 [30] | + | 49.7% | − | dermatological (skin cancer screening) | − | + | − | + | + | − | outdoor work > 10 vs. 0 years |
Sánchez et al. 2012 [31] | − | unknown | − | dermatological | − | + | − | + | − | − | occupational outdoor activity at age > 30 years yes vs. no |
Dessinioti et al. 2011 [32] | − | unknown | − | not representative; hospital-based; dermatological | − | + | − | + | + | − | > 5 vs. 0–5 years outdoor-work |
Asgari et al. 2010 [33] | − | 100% | + | population-based | + | + | + | + | − | − | Occupational sun exposure high vs. low (based on occupations) |
Kenborg et al. 2010 [34] | + | 100% | + | population-based | + | + | + | + | + | + | Men; BCC at head; trunk; upper extremities; lower extremities; >10 vs. <1 years outdoor work |
Marehbian et al. 2007 [35] | + | 68% | + | population-based | + | + | + | − | − | − | Men; ever vs. never Farm owner/manager; other agricultural occupations |
Pelucchi et al. 2007 [36] | + | 97% | + | hospital-based | + | + | + | + | + | + | nodular BCC; superficial BCC; >median vs. 0 h occupational exposure weighed for clothes |
Zanetti et al. 2006 [37] | + | 92.8% | + | hospital-based | + | + | + | + | + | + | Men; 3878 + hours vs. never outdoor work |
Ruiz Lascano et al. 2005 [38] | − | 99% | + | hospital-based | + | + | + | + | − | − | Occupational sun exposure high/moderate vs. low |
Walther et al. 2004 [39] | − | unknown | − | hospital-based (incl. some dermatological) | + | + | − | + | − | − | frequent/sometimes vs. seldom/no occupational exposure |
Corona et al. 2001 [40] | + | unknown | − | dermatological | − | + | − | + | + | − | > 8 vs. ≤8 years outdoor work |
Rosso et al. 1999 [41] | + | 81% | + | not representative | − | + | − | + | + | − | 77 200 + vs. 0 h outdoor work |
Rosso et al. 1996 [42] | + | 73.6% | + | population-based; hospital-based | + | + | + | + | + | − | 54 720 + vs. <7200 h outdoor work |
Gallagher et al. 1995 [43] | + | 71% | + | population-based | + | + | + | + | + | − | Men; ≥105 vs. <15 h/year occupational exposure weighed for clothes worn |
Maia et al. 1995 [44] | + | unknown | − | dermatological | − | + | − | − | − | − | ever vs. never activity in agriculture |
Kricker et al. 1995 [45] | + | 89% | + | population-based | + | + | + | + | + | − | ≥ 49.4 vs. ≤14.7 h/week occupational exposure |
Gafà et al. 1991 [46] | − | unknown | − | not representative; hospital-based (possibly dermatological) | − | + | − | − | + | − | ≥ 10 vs. <10 years work in agriculture |
Hogan et al. 1989 [47] | − | 43.7% | − | population-based | + | + | − | − | − | − | Occupation as farmer yes vs. no |
Comparison | Risk estimate | Lower 95%-CI | Upper 95%-CI | P>|z| |
---|---|---|---|---|
Quantitative vs. other exposure variablesa | 1.03b | 0.80 | 1.33 | |
Studies that compare specific single outdoor occupations with all other occupations/the general population vs. all other studiesa | 1.09 | 0.84 | 1.42 | |
Studies with BCC cases that were explicitly first ever BCC cases versus other studiesa | 0.96 | 0.73 | 1.26 | |
Case-control vs. cohort studiesa | 0.91 | 0.70 | 1.17 | |
Hospital- vs. population-based case-control studiesa,c | 1.18 | 0.72 | 1.93 | |
Women vs. mena,d | 0.87 | 0.57 | 1.32 | |
Increase of latitude by one degreee | 0.99 | 0.98 | 1.00 | 0.02 |