Introduction
Methods
Study design and participants
Research methods
Statistical analysis
Results
Demographic characteristics
Variables | Patients with CNS complications |
---|---|
Age, median (range) | 46.5 (15–87) |
Male, n/N (%) | 7/12 (58.3%) |
Neurological manifestations, n/N (%) | |
Headache | 1/12 (8.3%) |
Dizziness | 2/12 (16.7%) |
Gustatory and olfactory dysfunctions | 1/12 (8.3%) |
Memory deficits | 4/12 (33.3%) |
Unresponsiveness | 4/12 (33.3%) |
Mental and behavioral disorders | 4/12 (33.3%) |
Disorders of consciousness | 3/12 (25%) |
Visual field defect | 1/12 (8.3%) |
Aphasia | 1/12 (8.3%) |
Insomnia | 3/12 (25%) |
Tremor | 1/12 (8.3%) |
Sensory or movement disorders | 3/12 (25%) |
Ataxia | 1/12 (8.3%) |
Epilepsy | 2/12 (16.7%) |
Dysarthria | 1/12 (8.3%) |
Medical comorbidities, n/N (%) | |
History of any neurological disorder | 3/12 (25%) |
Malignant tumor | 1/12 (8.3%) |
Hypertension | 2/12 (16.7%) |
Diabetes mellitus | 2/12 (16.7%) |
Hyperthyroidism | 1/12 (8.3%) |
Use of antiviral drugs, n/N (%) | 7/12 (58.3%) |
Use of glucocorticoid, n/N (%) | 11/12 (91.7%) |
Use of immunoglobulin, n/N (%) | 3/12 (25%) |
Clinical features
No. of patient | Age (years), gender | COVID-19 vaccination | Onset of pneumonia | Comorbidities | Initial neurological symptoms | CSF tests (1. pressure, cell count, protein level; 2. other tests)a | 1. Autoimmune encephalitis antibody; 2. CNS demyelinating diseases antibody | EEG | MRI | Neurological diagnosis | Treatment (1. antiviral; 2. immunotherapy) | Outcome | The association of COVID-19 with neurological disease |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 31, F | Yes | No | N/A | Sensory or movement disorders | 1. Normal 2. No OCB, SARS-CoV-2 PCR negative | 1. Negative in serum and CSF 2. Negative in serum and CSF | N/A | Lesion in the right brachium pontis (Fig. 2) | Brainstem encephalitis | 1. Acyclovir 2. IVMP (80 mg/day for 5 days) followed by CS taper | Initial improved then worsen, and improved after re-hospitalization | Brain stem encephalitis probably associated with SARS-CoV-2 |
2 | 37, M | Yes | Yes | N/A | Visual field defects | 1. 170 mmH2O, 38 × 106 /L, monocytes account for 99%, protein 852 mg/L 2. No OCB | 1. Negative in serum and CSF 2. MOG-ab positive in serum | N/A | Left optic nerve was thickened | MOGAD | 1. NO 2. IVMP (80 mg/day for 5 days, then 1 g/day for 5 days) followed by CS taper | Improved after low-dose CS therapy then worsen after high-dose CS therapy, and improved finally after CS taper | MOG-antibody-associated optic neuritis probably associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection |
3 | 42, M | Yes | No | Hyperthyroidism | Memory deficits | 1. Normal 2. No OCB | 1. Negative in serum and CSF 2. Negative in serum and CSF | increased slow wave | No responsible cerebral lesion | Encephalitis | N/A | The follow-up revealed complete recovery | Probable SARS-CoV-2 encephalitis |
4 | 23, M | Yes | No | N/A | Sensory or movement disorders | 1. 230 mmH2O, 3 × 106 cells/L, protein 650 mg/L 2. OCB positive in CSF and serum, elevated CSF IgG index (0.91) and 24-h IgG synthesis rate, SARS-CoV-2 PCR negative | 1. Negative in serum and CSF 2. Negative in serum and CSF | N/A | Multiple cerebral lesions; no lesions in spinal cord (Fig. 2) | MS | 1.NO 2.IVMP (500 mg/day for 5 days) followed by CS taper, IVIG 0.4 g/kg/day for 3 days | Improved gradually to baseline | MS probably associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection |
5 | 15, F | Yes | No | N/A | Sensory or movement disorders | 1. Normal 2. No OCB, elevated CSF IgG index
(0.77) | 1. N/A 2. MOG-ab positive in serum and CSF | N/A | Multiple lesions in periventricular white matter and spinal cord (Fig. 3) | ADEM | 1. NO 2. IVMP (200 mg/day for 6 days) followed by CS taper | Complete recovery | ADEM probably associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection |
6 | 35, F | No | Yes | Tumour | Seizure | N/A | N/A | Increased slow wave | Multiple reversible cortico-subcortical lesions (Fig. 4) | PRLS | 1. NO 2. IVDM (10 mg/day for 15 days) | Complete recovered initially, while died of other complications during follow-up | Probable SARS-CoV-2 encephalitis |
7 | 87, M | Yes | No | Encephalatrophy | Memory deficits | N/A | N/A | N/A | No responsible cerebral lesion | Encephalitis | 1. Azvudine 2. Oral CS for 13 days | Improved gradually to baseline | Probable SARS-CoV-2 encephalitis |
8 | 73, M | Yes | Yes | Hypertension | Memory deficits | N/A | 1. Negative in serum 2. Negative in serum | Increased slow wave, suspicious three-phase wave (Fig. 5) | Extensive cortical lesions (Fig. 5) | Encephalitis | 1.Azvudine 2. IVDM (5 mg/day for 3 days), then IVMP (80 mg/day for 9 days) followed by CS taper | Slight improvement with significant cognitive impairment remained | Probable SARS-CoV-2 encephalitis |
9 | 73, F | Yes | Yes | Hypertension, diabetes, cerebral infarction | Seizure | 1. 185 mmH2O, 27 × 106/L, multinuclear cell count for 89%, protein 948 mg/L 2. N/A | 1. Negative in serum and CSF 2. N/A | N/A | No responsible cerebral lesion | Encephalitis | 1. Paxlovid and acyclovir 2. IVMP (80 mg/day for 5 days) followed by CS taper | Complete recovery | Probable SARS-CoV-2 encephalitis |
10 | 51, M | Yes | Yes | Diabetes | Mental and behavioural disorders | N/A | N/A | N/A | No responsible cerebral lesion | Encephalitis | 1. Azvudine and acyclovir 2. IVMP (60 mg/day for 6 days) followed by CS taper | Complete recovery | Probable SARS-CoV-2 encephalitis |
11 | 51, F | Yes | No | Meningitis | Mental and behavioural disorders | 1. 50 mmH2O, cell count and protein were normal 2. N/A | N/A | N/A | No responsible lesion | Encephalitis | 1. Acyclovir 2. IVMP (80 mg/day for 6 days) followed by CS taper | Complete recovery | Probable SARS-CoV-2 encephalitis |
12 | 62, M | Yes | Yes | N/A | Tremor | 1. Normal 2. No OCB | 1. Negative in serum and CSF 2. Negative in serum and CSF | Increased slow wave | No responsible lesion | Tremor | 1. No 2. IVDM (5 mg/day for 4 days) followed by CS taper | Poor recovery | Tremor probably associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection |