Introduction
Methods
PARIS birth cohort
Assessment of cardiometabolic parameters
Sociodemographic factors, growth features, and parental cardiometabolic history
Statistical analyses
Results
Baseline characteristics | Participants (n = 617) | Non-participants (n = 1500) | p-value |
---|---|---|---|
Male sex, n (%) | 312 (50.6) | 771 (51.4) | 0.7 |
Weight at birth, kg (mean ± SD) | 3.4 ± 0.4 | 3.4 ± 0.4 | 0.3 |
Height at birth, cm (mean ± SD) | 50.3 ± 1.9 | 50.1 ± 1.9 | 0.03 |
Place of residence | 0.8 | ||
Paris city, n (%) | 387 (62.7) | 933 (62.2) | |
Paris suburbs, n (%) | 230 (37.3) | 567 (37.8) | |
Family socioeconomic status a | 0.004 | ||
Low, n (%) | 29 (4.7) | 125 (8.3) | |
Medium, n (%) | 159 (25.8) | 420 (28.0) | |
High, n (%) | 429 (69.5) | 955 (63.7) | |
Parents’ level of education a | 0.004 | ||
Primary, n (%) | 4 (0.7) | 45 (3.0) | |
Secondary, n (%) | 121 (19.6) | 309 (20.6) | |
Post-secondary, n (%) | 492 (79.7) | 1,146 (76.4) | |
Geographical origin of parents | 0.2 | ||
Two parents born in France, n (%) | 458 (74.2) | 1,070 (71.3) | |
At least one parent born outside France, n (%) | 159 (25.8) | 430 (28.7) | |
Mother’s age at birth, years (mean ± SD) | 33.2 ± 3.9 | 32.7 ± 4.0 | 0.008 |
Breastfed at birth, n (%) | 508 (83.3) | 1,190 (80.1) | 0.1 |
Mother actively smoked during pregnancy, n (%) | 55 (8.9) | 145 (9.7) | 0.6 |
Smokers at home at birth, n (%) | 112 (18.4) | 299 (20.2) | 0.4 |
Total, n = 617 | Male, n = 312 | Female, n = 305 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Mean ± SD | Min–Max | Mean ± SD | Min–Max | Mean ± SD | Min–Max | p-value | |
Age (years) | 617 | 15.9 ± 0.3 | 15.3–17.7 | 15.9 ± 0.3 | 15.4–17.7 | 15.9 ± 0.3 | 15.3–17.4 | 0.6 |
Height (cm) | 617 | 171.2 ± 8.4 | 148.0–195.0 | 176.3 ± 6.8 | 154.0–195.0 | 165.9 ± 6.5 | 148.0–187.0 | < 0.001 |
Weight (kg) | 617 | 59.2 ± 10.4 | 33.4–123.9 | 61.1 ± 10.1 | 33.4–106.4 | 57.2 ± 10.4 | 38.4–123.9 | < 0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 617 | 20.2 ± 3.2 | 13.4–41.4 | 19.6 ± 2.7 | 13.4–34.0 | 20.7 ± 3.5 | 15.2–41.4 | < 0.001 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 611 | 72.7 ± 8.1 | 54.0–115.0 | 73.6 ± 7.5 | 57.0–107.0 | 71.8 ± 8.7 | 54.0–115.0 | 0.003 |
Hip circumference (cm) | 610 | 92.2 ± 7.8 | 60.0–135.0 | 90.6 ± 7.3 | 60.0–125.0 | 93.9 ± 7.9 | 75.0–135.0 | < 0.001 |
Waist-to-height ratio | 611 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.3–0.7 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.3–0.6 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.3–0.7 | < 0.001 |
Body fat mass (%) | 545 | 20.9 ± 7.2 | 8.7–55.4 | 15.5 ± 4.3 | 8.7–36.9 | 26.1 ± 5.4 | 17.5–55.4 | < 0.001 |
Lean body mass (%) | 545 | 79.1 ± 7.2 | 44.6–92.7 | 84.5 ± 4.3 | 63.1–92.7 | 73.8 ± 5.3 | 44.6–82.6 | < 0.001 |
Muscle mass (%) | 545 | 75.1 ± 6.8 | 42.3–88.0 | 80.2 ± 4.0 | 60.0–88.0 | 70.1 ± 5.0 | 42.3–78.3 | < 0.001 |
SBP (mmHg) | 617 | 110.4 ± 9.5 | 84.0–140.3 | 113.4 ± 9.3 | 91.0–140.3 | 107.4 ± 8.7 | 84.0–139.0 | < 0.001 |
DBP (mmHg) | 617 | 65.9 ± 6.1 | 49.0–87.0 | 64.9 ± 6.3 | 49.0–86.3 | 66.8 ± 5.9 | 52.0–87.0 | < 0.001 |
Heart rate (pulse/minute) | 613 | 67.6 ± 10.7 | 39.0–116.0 | 65.4 ± 10.0 | 39.0–109.0 | 69.8 ± 11.0 | 45.0–116.0 | < 0.001 |
LDL (g/L) | 608 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.2–1.8 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.2–1.5 | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 0.3–1.8 | < 0.001 |
HDL (g/L) | 610 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.3–1.0 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.3–1.0 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.3–0.9 | < 0.001 |
Triglycerides (g/L) | 610 | 0.8 ± 0.4 | 0.3–4.1 | 0.8 ± 0.4 | 0.3–4.1 | 0.8 ± 0.4 | 0.3–3.8 | 0.09 |
Blood glucose (g/L) | 610 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.5–2.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.5–2.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.6–1.4 | 0.002 |
Whole population (n = 530) | Male (n = 263) | Female (n = 267) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Healthy | Cardiometabolic risk | p-value | Healthy | Cardiometabolic risk | p-value | Healthy | Cardiometabolic risk | p-value | |
356 (67.2%) | 174 (32.8%) | 181 (68.8%) | 82 (31.2%) | 184 (68.9%) | 83 (31.1%) | ||||
Cardiometabolic risk score, mean ± SD | − 0.3 ± 0.4 | 0.2 ± 0.5 | < 0.001 | − 0.3 ± 0.3 | 0.2 ± 0.6 | < 0.001 | − 0.2 ± 0.4 | 0.2 ± 0.4 | 0.002 |
Perceived body development | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||||
Early, n (%) | 26 (7.9) | 43 (26.5) | 18 (10.6) | 20 (26.7) | 13 (7.6) | 18 (23.7) | |||
Same as the others, n (%) | 241 (73.0) | 104 (64.2) | 113 (66.9) | 50 (66.7) | 129 (75.0) | 53 (69.7) | |||
Late, n (%) | 63 (19.1) | 15 (9.3) | 38 (22.5) | 5 (6.6) | 30 (17.4) | 5 (6.6) | |||
Chest development / voice change | 0.004 | 0.8 | 0.008 | ||||||
Not yet / beginning, n (%) | 8 (2.5) | 1 (0.7) | 5 (3.0) | 1 (1.4) | 3 (1.9) | 0 | |||
Already grown / changed, n (%) | 37 (11.7) | 6 (3.8) | 14 (8.4) | 5 (6.8) | 22 (13.8) | 2 (2.7) | |||
Finished, n (%) | 272 (85.8) | 150 (95.5) | 148 (88.6) | 68 (91.8) | 134 (84.3) | 72 (97.3) | |||
Age at menarche | < 0.001 | ||||||||
< 12 years old | 23 (13.7) | 27 (35.5) | |||||||
Between 12 and 14 years old | 140 (83.3) | 48 (63.2) | |||||||
> 14 years old | 5 (3.0) | 1 (1.3) | |||||||
Adiposity rebound | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.1 | ||||||
Early age, n (%) | 133 (40.4) | 85 (51.2) | 59 (34.5) | 39 (50.6) | 77 (45.8) | 43 (54.4) | |||
Medium age, n (%) | 156 (47.4) | 71 (42.8) | 93 (54.4) | 34 (44.2) | 68 (40.5) | 32 (40.5) | |||
Late age, n (%) | 40 (12.2) | 10 (6.0) | 19 (11.1) | 4 (5.2) | 23 (13.7) | 4 (5.1) | |||
Birthweight, kg, mean ± SD | 3.4 ± 0.4 | 3.6 ± 0.4 | < 0.001 | 3.5 ± 0.4 | 3.6 ± 0.5 | 0.02 | 3.3 ± 0.4 | 3.5 ± 0.4 | < 0.001 |
Parental history of cardiometabolic disease, n (%)a | 89 (25.7) | 63 (37.3) | 0.007 | 43 (24.4) | 28 (35.0) | 0.08 | 49 (28.8) | 31 (40.3) | 0.09 |
Father’s weight status | < 0.001 | 0.01 | 0.01 | ||||||
With underweight, n (%) | 3 (1.0) | 0 | 2 (1.4) | 0 | 1 (0.6) | 0 | |||
With normal weight, n (%) | 166 (55.9) | 43 (31.9) | 78 (52.7) | 22 (33.3) | 87 (55.5) | 21 (35.0) | |||
With overweight/obesity, n (%) | 128 (43.1) | 92 (68.1) | 68 (45.9) | 44 (66.7) | 69 (43.9) | 39 (65.0) | |||
Mother’s weight status | < 0.001 | 0.005 | 0.001 | ||||||
With underweight, n (%) | 22 (6.4) | 1 (0.6) | 16 (9.4) | 0 | 7 (3.9) | 0 | |||
With normal weight, n (%) | 250 (73.1) | 104 (63.8) | 117 (68.4) | 53 (68.8) | 136 (76.4) | 47 (60.3) | |||
With overweight/obesity, n (%) | 70 (20.5) | 58 (35.6) | 38 (22.2) | 24 (31.2) | 35 (19.7) | 31 (39.7) | |||
Relative handgrip strength force, kg/kg, mean ± SD | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | < 0.001 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.004 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | < 0.001 |