Background
Methods
Questionnaire development
Assessing questionnaire validity and reliability
Setting
Participants
Study design
Recruitment methods
Outcome and psychosocial exposure assessment
Sample size and analysis
Sample size
Analysis
Ethical approval
Results
Survey validity and reliability
Sample characteristics
Not listening to music while skiing or snowboarding today n = 456 | Listening to music while skiing or snowboarding today n = 267 | OR (95% CI) | |
---|---|---|---|
Age (mean (sd)) | 14.7 (1.5) | 15.2 (1.4) | 1.26 (1.14, 1.40) |
Male | 356 (78.1) | 235 (88.0) | 2.18 (1.40, 3.38) |
Missing | 1 (0.2) | 2 (0.7) | |
Snowboarders | 364 (79.8) | 233 (87.3) | 1.92 (1.22, 3.02) |
Missing | 5 (1.1) | 5 (1.9) | |
Abilitya | |||
Beginner | 63 (13.8) | 15 (5.6) | 1.00 |
Intermediate | 206 (45.2) | 78 (29.2) | 1.59 (0.86, 2.96) |
Advanced | 140 (30.7) | 98 (36.7) | 2.94 (1.58, 5.46) |
Expert | 36 (7.9) | 66 (24.7) | 7.70 (3.85, 15.42) |
Missing | 11 (2.4) | 10 (3.7) | |
Previous ski/snowboard injury that required a doctor | 91 (20.0) | 96 (36.0) | 2.28 (1.61, 3.23) |
Missing | 54 (11.8) | 27 (10.1) | |
Skiing or snowboarding alonea | 34 (7.5) | 42 (15.7) | 2.31 (1.43, 3.73) |
Missing | 2 (0.4) | 0 | |
Skiing or snowboarding with friends | 390 (85.5) | 242 (90.6) | 1.66 (0.99, 2.79) |
Missing | 7 (1.5) | 3 (1.1) | |
Skiing or snowboarding with parents | 42 (9.2) | 22 (8.2) | 0.87 (0.51, 1.49) |
Missing | 14 (3.1) | 4 (1.5) | |
Skiing or snowboarding with siblings | 89 (19.5) | 60 (22.5) | 1.19 (0.82, 1.72) |
Missing | 8 (1.8) | 3 (1.1) | |
Think you will get any type of injury today | |||
Disagree | 309 (67.8) | 152 (56.9) | 1.00 |
Neither agree or disagree | 59 (12.9) | 37 (13.9) | 1.27 (0.81, 2.01) |
Agree | 76 (16.7) | 73 (27.3) | 1.95 (1.34, 2.84) |
Missing | 12 (2.6) | 5 (1.9) | |
Think you will get a head injury today | |||
Disagree | 351 (77.0) | 191 (71.5) | 1.00 |
Neither agree or disagree | 38 (8.3) | 37 (13.9) | 1.79 (1.10, 2.91) |
Agree | 56 (12.3) | 34 (12.7) | 1.12 (0.70, 1.77) |
Missing | 11 (2.4) | 5 (1.9) | |
Think you will get a wrist injury today | |||
Disagree | 316 (69.3) | 172 (64.4) | 1.00 |
Neither agree or disagree | 50 (11.0) | 33 (12.4) | 1.21 (0.75, 1.95) |
Agree | 83 (18.2) | 59 (22.1) | 1.31 (0.89, 1.91) |
Missing | 7 (1.5) | 3 (1.1) | |
I listen to music on my iPod/phone while skiing or snowboarding | |||
Hardly ever | 361 (79.2) | 24 (9.0) | 1.00 |
Half the time | 70 (15.4) | 66 (24.7) | 14.18 (8.33, 24.16) |
Most of the time | 25 (5.5) | 175 (65.5) | 105.29 (58.45, 189.66) |
Missing | 0 | 2 (0.7) | |
I plan to listen to music next timea | 109 (23.9) | 233 (87.3) | 37.13 (22.18, 62.16) |
Missing | 17 (3.7) | 15 (5.6) | |
I want to listen to my own music | 216 (47.4) | 223 (83.5) | 5.76 (3.96, 8.38) |
Missing | 0 | 1 (0.4) | |
I don’t like the music playing overheada | 123 (27.0) | 116 (43.4) | 2.09 (1.52, 2.88) |
Missing | 0 | 1 (0.4) | |
Music makes me more aware of my surroundings | 43 (9.4) | 58 (21.7) | 2.68 (1.75, 4.11) |
Missing | 0 | 1 (0.4) | |
I like being in my own world | 132 (28.9) | 139 (52.1) | 2.69 (1.96, 3.68) |
Missing | 0 | 1 (0.4) | |
Music makes skiing or snowboarding more exciting or fun or makes them more confidenta | 210 (46.1) | 212 (79.4) | 4.58 (3.22, 6.51) |
Missing | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.4) | 4.54 (0.28, 73.68) |
Parents listen to music while skiing or snowboardingb | |||
No | 398 (87.3) | 186 (69.7) | 1.00 |
Sometimes | 22 (4.8) | 23 (8.6) | 2.24 (1.22, 4.12) |
Yes | 18 (3.9) | 36 (13.5) | 4.28 (2.37, 7.74) |
Missing | 18 (3.9) | 22 (8.2) | |
Siblings listen to music while skiing or snowboardingb | |||
No | 350 (76.8) | 135 (50.6) | 1.00 |
Sometimes | 48 (10.5) | 44 (16.5) | 2.38 (1.51, 3.74) |
Yes | 38 (8.3) | 65 (24.3) | 4.43 (2.84, 6.93) |
Missing | 20 (4.4) | 23 (8.6) | |
Friends listen to music while skiing or snowboarding | |||
No | 144 (31.6) | 24 (9.0) | 1.00 |
Sometimes | 164 (36.0) | 70 (26.2) | 2.56 (1.53, 4.29) |
Yes | 112 (24.6) | 159 (59.6) | 8.52 (5.19, 13.98) |
Missing | 36 (7.9) | 14 (5.2) | |
Listening to music makes me a better skier or snowboardera | |||
Disagree | 183 (40.1) | 54 (20.2) | 1.00 |
Neither agree or disagree | 115 (25.2) | 44 (16.5) | 1.30 (0.82, 2.06) |
Agree | 151 (33.1) | 168 (62.9) | 3.77 (2.59, 5.48) |
Missing | 7 (1.5) | 1 (0.4) | |
Listening to music makes me more likely to hurt myself or others | |||
Disagree | 174 (38.2) | 135 (50.6) | 1.00 |
Neither agree or disagree | 89 (19.5) | 55 (20.6) | 0.80 (0.53, 1.19) |
Agree | 185 (40.6) | 74 (27.7) | 0.52 (0.36, 0.73) |
Missing | 8 (1.8) | 3 (1.1) | |
Listening to music is safe if you use one ear buda | |||
Disagree | 159 (34.9) | 63 (23.6) | 1.00 |
Neither agree or disagree | 82 (18.0) | 45 (16.9) | 1.39 (0.87, 2.21) |
Agree | 207 (45.4) | 158 (59.2) | 1.93 (1.35, 2.76) |
Missing | 8 (1.8) | 1 (0.4) | |
Listening to music makes me more carefula | |||
Disagree | 255 (55.9) | 112 (41.9) | 1.00 |
Neither agree or disagree | 99 (21.7) | 75 (28.1) | 1.72 (1.19, 2.51) |
Agree | 93 (20.4) | 80 (30.0) | 1.96 (1.35, 2.84) |
Missing | 9 (2.0) | 0 | |
Listening to music is distractinga | |||
Disagree | 154 (33.8) | 161 (60.3) | 1.00 |
Neither agree or disagree | 87 (19.1) | 43 (16.1) | 0.47 (0.31, 0.72) |
Agree | 207 (45.4) | 61 (22.8) | 0.28 (0.20, 0.40) |
Missing | 8 (1.8) | 2 (0.7) | |
Listening to music makes it harder to hear/talk to peoplea | |||
Disagree | 78 (17.1) | 82 (30.7) | 1.00 |
Neither agree or disagree | 55 (12.1) | 29 (10.9) | 0.50 (0.29, 0.87) |
Agree | 314 (68.9) | 153 (57.3) | 0.46 (0.32, 0.67) |
Missing | 9 (2.0) | 3 (1.1) | |
Listening to music is fun or relaxing | |||
Disagree | 102 (22.4) | 40 (15.0) | 1.00 |
Neither agree or disagree | 76 (16.7) | 24 (9.0) | 0.81 (0.45, 1.45) |
Agree | 271 (59.4) | 202 (75.7) | 1.90 (1.26, 2.86) |
Missing | 7 (1.5) | 1 (0.4) | |
Using the terrain park today | 343 (75.2) | 225 (84.3) | 2.60 (1.59, 4.38) |
Missing | 18 (3.9) | 18 (6.7) | |
Video recording while skiing or snowboarding today | 125 (27.4) | 140 (52.4) | 2.96 (2.13, 4.11) |
Missing | 1 (0.2) | 2 (0.7) |
Not using TP today n = 117 | Using TP today n = 574 | OR (95% CI) | |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years)a | 15.1 (1.6) | 14.8 (1.4) | 0.89 (0.78, 1.02) |
Malea | 64 (54.7) | 500 (87.1) | 5.83 (3.75, 9.06) |
Missing | 0 | 3 (0.5) | |
Snowboardersa | 81 (69.2) | 483 (84.1) | 2.55 (1.61, 4.03) |
Missing | 1 (0.9) | 9 (1.6) | |
Abilitya | |||
Beginner | 36 (30.8) | 39 (6.8) | 1.00 |
Intermediate | 50 (42.7) | 223 (38.9) | 4.12 (2.38, 7.11) |
Advanced | 21 (17.9) | 210 (36.6) | 9.23 (4.88, 17.46) |
Expert | 9 (7.7) | 83 (14.5) | 8.51 (3.74, 19.40) |
Missing | 1 (0.9) | 19 (3.3) | |
Previous ski/snowboard injury that required a doctora | 11 (9.4) | 168 (29.3) | 4.08 (2.12, 7.83) |
Missing | 15 (12.8) | 65 (11.3) | |
Skiing or snowboarding alone | 12 (10.3) | 61 (10.6) | 1.03 (0.54, 1.99) |
Missing | 1 (0.9) | 1 (0.2) | |
Skiing or snowboarding with friendsa | 83 (70.9) | 523 (91.1) | 4.44 (2.65, 7.43) |
Missing | 3 (2.6) | 7 (1.2) | |
Skiing or snowboarding with parents | 15 (12.8) | 49 (8.5) | 0.63 (0.34, 1.16) |
Missing | 4 (3.4) | 15 (2.6) | |
Skiing or snowboarding with siblings | 26 (22.2) | 115 (20.0) | 0.88 (0.54, 1.42) |
Missing | 2 (1.7) | 10 (1.7) | |
Think you will get any type of injury today | |||
Disagree | 88 (75.2) | 355 (61.8) | 1.00 |
Neither agree or disagree | 11 (9.4) | 81 (14.1) | 1.83 (0.93, 3.57) |
Agree | 16 (13.7) | 123 (21.4) | 1.91 (1.08, 3.37) |
Missing | 2 (1.7) | 15 (2.6) | |
Think you will get a head injury today | |||
Disagree | 95 (81.2) | 423 (73.7) | 1.00 |
Neither agree or disagree | 6 (5.1) | 65 (11.3) | 2.43 (1.02, 5.78) |
Agree | 14 (12.0) | 72 (12.5) | 1.16 (0.62, 2.13) |
Missing | 2 (1.7) | 14 (2.4) | |
Think you will get a wrist injury today | |||
Disagree | 87 (74.4) | 379 (66.0) | 1.00 |
Neither agree or disagree | 8 (6.8) | 70 (12.2) | 2.01 (0.93, 4.33) |
Agree | 20 (17.1) | 117 (20.4) | 1.34 (0.79, 2.28) |
Missing | 2 (1.7) | 8 (1.4) | |
Use terrain parks | |||
Hardly ever | 75 (64.1) | 24 (4.2) | 1.00 |
Half the time | 28 (23.9) | 88 (15.3) | 9.82 (5.25, 18.37) |
Most of the time | 13 (11.1) | 462 (80.5) | 111.06 (54.18, 227.64) |
Missing | 1 (0.9) | 0 | |
I plan to use the terrain park next time | 51 (43.6) | 528 (92.0) | 88.74 (38.54, 204.30) |
Missing | 6 (5.1) | 39 (6.8) | |
Terrain parks are cool/challenging/funa | 41 (35.0) | 428 (74.6) | 5.43 (3.56, 8.30) |
Terrain parks are for experienced skiers and snowboarders onlya | 69 (59.0) | 214 (37.3) | 0.41 (0.28, 0.62) |
Terrain parks are riskier than the regular hill | 88 (75.2) | 354 (61.7) | 0.53 (0.34, 0.83) |
Terrain parks are too busy/crowdeda | 47 (40.2) | 158 (27.5) | 0.57 (0.38, 0.86) |
Missing | 0 | 1 (0.2) | |
Terrain parks are the main reason I am here | 9 (7.7) | 362 (63.1) | 20.49 (10.17, 41.30) |
I get hurt in terrain parksa | |||
Never | 40 (34.2) | 57 (9.9) | 1.00 |
Hardly Ever | 34 (29.1) | 346 (60.3) | 7.14 (4.18, 12.21) |
Half the time | 4 (3.4) | 105 (18.3) | 18.42 (6.27, 54.09) |
Most of the time | 2 (1.7) | 37 (6.4) | 12.98 (2.96, 56.98) |
Always | 2 (1.7) | 23 (4.0) | 8.07 (1.80, 36.18) |
Do not use them | 33 (28.2) | 3 (0.5) | 0.06 (0.02, 0.22) |
Missing | 2 (1.7) | 3 (0.5) | |
Parents use terrain park | |||
No | 95 (81.2) | 416 (72.5) | 1.00 |
Sometimes | 8 (6.8) | 46 (8.0) | 1.31 (0.60, 2.87) |
Yes | 9 (7.7) | 72 (12.5) | 1.83 (0.88, 3.78) |
Missing | 5 (4.3) | 40 (7.0) | |
Siblings use terrain parka | |||
No | 73 (62.4) | 251 (43.7) | 1.00 |
Sometimes | 14 (12.0) | 95 (16.6) | 1.97 (1.06, 3.66) |
Yes | 25 (21.4) | 201 (35.0) | 2.34 (1.43, 3.82) |
Missing | 5 (4.3) | 27 (4.7) | |
Friends use terrain park | |||
No | 18 (15.4) | 19 (3.3) | 1.00 |
Sometimes | 46 (39.3) | 42 (7.3) | 0.86 (0.40, 1.87) |
Yes | 44 (37.6) | 502 (87.5) | 10.81 (5.29, 22.08) |
Missing | 9 (7.7) | 11 (1.9) | |
If my parents said I was not allowed I would go to the terrain park and risk getting caughta | 35 (29.9) | 408 (71.1) | 5.98 (3.86, 9.25) |
Missing | 1 (0.9) | 8 (1.4) | |
If my friends decided not to use the terrain park, I would go where they went | 76 (65.0) | 327 (57.0) | 0.80 (0.53, 1.22) |
Missing | 1 (0.9) | 32 (5.6) | |
I think people use the terrain park because friends use it | 56 (47.9) | 396 (69.0) | 2.42 (1.62, 3.63) |
I think people use the terrain park because all the good skiers and snowboarders use ita | 79 (67.5) | 337 (58.7) | 0.68 (0.45, 1.04) |
I think people use the terrain park to impress people | 67 (57.3) | 276 (48.1) | 0.69 (0.46, 1.03) |
I think terrain parks are more dangerous so you should wear a helmet | |||
Disagree | 13 (11.1) | 82 (14.3) | 1.00 |
Neither agree or disagree | 4 (3.4) | 66 (11.5) | 2.62 (0.81, 8.40) |
Agree | 99 (84.6) | 423 (73.7) | 0.68 (0.36, 1.27) |
Missing | 1 (0.9) | 3 (0.5) | |
I think terrain parks are used by my friends and I do not want to be left outa | |||
Disagree | 65 (55.6) | 321 (55.9) | 1.00 |
Neither agree or disagree | 32 (27.4) | 116 (20.2) | 0.73 (0.46, 1.18) |
Agree | 19 (16.2) | 130 (22.6) | 1.39 (0.80, 2.40) |
Missing | 1 (0.9) | 7 (1.2) | |
I think terrain parks are more dangerous than the regular hill | |||
Disagree | 15 (12.8) | 100 (17.4) | 1.00 |
Neither agree or disagree | 8 (6.8) | 61 (10.6) | 1.14 (0.46, 2.86) |
Agree | 94 (80.3) | 409 (71.3) | 0.65 (0.36, 1.17) |
Missing | 0 | 4 (0.7) | |
Be aware in terrain parks to make terrain parks safer | |||
Disagree | 11 (9.4) | 67 (11.7) | 1.00 |
Neither agree or disagree | 3 (2.6) | 35 (6.1) | 1.92 (0.50, 7.32) |
Agree | 103 (88.0) | 466 (81.2) | 0.74 (0.38, 1.46) |
Missing | 0 | 6 (1.0) | |
Go really fast to make terrain parks safer | |||
Disagree | 74 (63.2) | 312 (54.4) | 1.00 |
Neither agree or disagree | 20 (17.1) | 97 (16.9) | 1.15 (0.67, 1.98) |
Agree | 23 (19.7) | 160 (27.9) | 1.65 (1.00, 2.73) |
Missing | 0 | 5 (0.9) | |
Slow down to make terrain parks safer | |||
Disagree | 25 (21.4) | 152 (26.5) | 1.00 |
Neither agree or disagree | 21 (17.9) | 125 (21.8) | 0.98 (0.52, 1.83) |
Agree | 71 (60.7) | 292 (50.9) | 0.68 (0.41, 1.11) |
Missing | 0 | 5 (0.9) | |
Do not be scared of getting hurt to make terrain parks safera | |||
Disagree | 45 (38.5) | 154 (26.8) | 1.00 |
Neither agree or disagree | 30 (25.6) | 105 (18.3) | 1.02 (0.61, 1.73) |
Agree | 42 (35.9) | 311 (54.2) | 2.16 (1.36, 3.44) |
Missing | 0 | 4 (0.7) | |
Do not use dangerous features to make terrain parks safer | |||
Disagree | 33 (28.2) | 218 (38.0) | 1.00 |
Neither agree or disagree | 27 (23.1) | 108 (18.8) | 0.61 (0.35, 1.06) |
Agree | 57 (48.7) | 240 (41.8) | 0.64 (0.40, 1.02) |
Missing | 0 | 8 (1.4) | |
Ski or snowboard within my ability to make terrain parks safer | |||
Disagree | 14 (12.0) | 83 (14.5) | 1.00 |
Neither agree or disagree | 4 (3.4) | 53 (9.2) | 2.23 (0.70, 7.15) |
Agree | 98 (83.8) | 434 (75.6) | 0.75 (0.41, 1.37) |
Missing | 1 (0.9) | 4 (0.7) | |
Take turns on features to make terrain parks safer | |||
Disagree | 14 (12.0) | 95 (16.6) | 1.00 |
Neither agree or disagree | 16 (13.7) | 67 (11.7) | 0.62 (0.28, 1.35) |
Agree | 86 (73.5) | 406 (70.7) | 0.70 (0.38, 1.28) |
Missing | 1 (0.9) | 6 (1.0) | |
Listen to music while skiing or snowboarding make terrain parks safer | |||
Disagree | 61 (52.1) | 233 (40.6) | 1.00 |
Neither agree or disagree | 31 (26.5) | 125 (21.8) | 1.06 (0.65, 1.71) |
Agree | 24 (20.5) | 210 (36.6) | 2.29 (1.38, 3.81) |
Missing | 1 (0.9) | 6 (1.0) | |
Fewer people in the park at one time make terrain parks safer | |||
Disagree | 27 (23.1) | 195 (34.0) | 1.00 |
Neither agree or disagree | 27 (23.1) | 107 (18.6) | 0.55 (0.31, 0.98) |
Agree | 62 (53.0) | 265 (46.2) | 0.59 (0.36, 0.96) |
Missing | 1 (0.9) | 7 (1.2) |
Not recording myself or others while skiing or snowboarding today n = 474 (%) | Recording myself or others while skiing or snowboarding today n = 250 (%) | OR (95% CI) | |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 14.8 (1.5) | 14.9 (1.5) | 1.05 (0.94, 1.16) |
Male | 369 (77.8) | 224 (89.6) | 2.50 (1.57, 3.99) |
Missing | 2 (0.4) | 1 (0.4) | |
Snowboarders | 376 (79.3) | 218 (87.2) | 1.80 (1.15, 2.82) |
Missing | 8 (1.7) | 3 (1.2) | |
Ability | |||
Beginner | 62 (13.1) | 18 (7.2) | 1.00 |
Intermediate | 214 (45.1) | 69 (27.6) | 1.11 (0.62, 2.01) |
Advanced | 148 (31.2) | 90 (36.0) | 2.09 (1.17, 3.77) |
Expert | 40 (8.4) | 62 (24.8) | 5.34 (2.76, 10.31) |
Missing | 10 (2.1) | 11 (4.4) | |
Previous ski/snowboard injury that required a doctora | 99 (20.9) | 87 (34.8) | 2.13 (1.50, 3.03) |
Missing | 52 (11.0) | 30 (12.0) | |
Skiing or snowboarding alone | 45 (9.5) | 30 (12.0) | 1.29 (0.79, 2.11) |
Missing | 2 (0.4) | 0 | |
Skiing or snowboarding with friends todaya | 403 (85.0) | 231 (92.4) | 2.29 (1.30, 4.06) |
Missing | 7 (1.5) | 3 (1.2) | |
Skiing or snowboarding with parents today | 43 (9.1) | 20 (8.0) | 0.86 (0.49, 1.49) |
Missing | 15 (3.2) | 4 (1.6) | |
Skiing or snowboarding with siblings today | 101 (21.3) | 47 (18.8) | 0.84 (0.57, 1.24) |
Missing | 10 (2.1) | 2 (0.8) | |
Think you will get any injury today | |||
Disagree | 315 (66.5) | 149 (59.6) | 1.00 |
Neither agree or disagree | 65 (13.7) | 34 (13.6) | 1.11 (0.70, 1.75) |
Agree | 84 (17.7) | 62 (24.8) | 1.56 (1.07, 2.29) |
Missing | 10 (2.1) | 5 (2.0) | |
Think you will get a head injury todaya | |||
Disagree | 378 (79.7) | 166 (66.4) | 1.00 |
Neither agree or disagree | 38 (8.0) | 38 (15.2) | 2.28 (1.40, 3.70) |
Agree | 48 (10.1) | 42 (16.8) | 1.99 (1.27, 3.13) |
Missing | 10 (2.1) | 4 (1.6) | |
Think you will get a wrist injury today | |||
Disagree | 339 (71.5) | 150 (60.0) | 1.00 |
Neither agree | 50 (10.5) | 34 (13.6) | 1.54 (0.95, 2.47) |
Agree | 78 (16.5) | 64 (25.6) | 1.85 (1.27, 2.72) |
Missing | 7 (1.5) | 2 (0.8) | |
I plan to record myself or others next timea | 151 (31.9) | 200 (80.0) | 13.93 (9.01, 21.53) |
Missing | 18 (3.8) | 21 (8.4) | |
I record myself while skiing/snowboarding because I am confident in my skillsa | 207 (43.7) | 183 (73.2) | 3.43 (2.46, 4.79) |
Missing | 7 (1.5) | 0 | |
Friends record videos while skiing/snowboardinga | |||
No | 103 (21.7) | 12 (4.8) | 1.00 |
Sometimes | 169 (35.7) | 46 (18.4) | 2.34 (1.18, 4.62) |
Yes | 163 (34.4) | 174 (69.6) | 9.16 (4.86, 17.29) |
Missing | 39 (8.2) | 18 (7.2) | |
Siblings record videos while skiing/snowboardingb | |||
No | 337 (71.1) | 140 (56.0) | 1.00 |
Sometimes | 69 (14.6) | 32 (12.8) | 1.12 (0.70, 1.77) |
Yes | 50 (10.5) | 58 (23.2) | 2.79 (1.82, 4.28) |
Missing | 18 (3.8) | 20 (8.0) | |
Parents record videos while skiing/snowboardingb | |||
No | 394 (83.1) | 173 (69.2) | 1.00 |
Sometimes | 29 (6.1) | 22 (8.8) | 1.73 (0.97, 3.09) |
Yes | 33 (7.0) | 33 (13.2) | 2.28 (1.36, 3.81) |
Missing | 18 (3.8) | 22 (8.8) | |
I record myself or others while skiing/snowboarding | |||
Less than half the time | 355 (74.9) | 54 (21.6) | 1.00 |
Half the time | 92 (19.4) | 109 (43.6) | 7.79 (5.23, 11.60) |
More than half the time | 26 (5.5) | 87 (34.8) | 22.00 (13.03, 37.12) |
Missing | 1 (0.2) | 0 | |
I think recording makes me try harder and improve my tricksa | |||
Disagree | 102 (21.5) | 49 (19.6) | 1.00 |
Neither agree or disagree | 68 (14.3) | 18 (7.2) | 0.55 (0.30, 1.03) |
Agree | 302 (63.7) | 181 (72.4) | 1.25 (0.85, 1.84) |
Missing | 2 (0.4) | 2 (0.8) | |
I think recording makes me nervous and can increase my risk of getting hurt | |||
Disagree | 182 (38.4) | 132 (52.8) | 1.00 |
Neither agree or disagree | 123 (25.9) | 48 (19.2) | 0.54 (0.36, 0.80) |
Agree | 164 (34.6) | 66 (26.4) | 0.55 (0.39, 0.80) |
Missing | 5 (1.1) | 4 (1.6) |
Listening to music | |||||||
Overall (n = 723) | Males (n = 591) | Females (n = 129) | 13–14 (n = 331) | 15–16 (n = 271) | 17–18 (n = 121) | Snowboard (n = 597) | Ski (n = 116) |
36.9 (33.4, 40.5) | 39.8 (35.8, 43.7) | 23.2 (15.9, 30.6) | 28.4 (23.5, 33.3) | 43.5 (37.6, 49.5) | 45.5 (36.5, 54.5) | 39.0 (35.1, 43.0) | 25.0 (17.0, 33.0) |
Using the terrain park | |||||||
Overall (n = 691) | Males (n = 564) | Females (n = 124) | 13–14 (n = 319) | 15–16 (n = 256) | 17–18 (n = 116) | Snowboard (n = 564) | Ski (n = 121) |
83.1 (80.3, 85.9) | 88.7 (86.0, 91.3) | 57.3 (48.4, 66.1) | 85.0 (81.0, 88.9) | 82.4 (77.7, 87.1) | 79.3 (71.8, 86.8) | 85.6 (82.7, 88.5) | 70.0 (61.7, 78.5) |
Video recording | |||||||
Overall (n = 724) | Males (n = 593) | Females (n = 128) | 13–14 (n = 332) | 15–16 (n = 269) | 17–18 (n = 123) | Snowboard (n = 594) | Ski (n = 119) |
34.5 (31.1, 38.0) | 37.8 (33.9, 41.7) | 19.5 (12.6, 26.5) | 33.1 (28.0, 38.2) | 34.9 (29.2, 40.7) | 37.4 (28.7, 46.1) | 36.7 (32.8, 40.6) | 24.3 (16.5, 32.2) |
Music
OR (95% CI) | |
---|---|
I plan to listen to music next time | 19.13 (10.62, 34.44) |
Makes skiing or snowboarding more exciting or fun or makes them more confident | 2.30 (1.31, 4.05) |
Ability | |
Beginner | 0.36 (0.13, 0.98) |
Intermediate | 0.36 (0.18, 0.73) |
Advanced | 0.46 (0.22, 0.93) |
Expert | 1.00 |
Skiing or snowboarding alone | 2.33 (1.10, 4.95) |
Music makes me a better skier or snowboarder | |
Neither agree or disagree | 0.94 (0.43, 2.03) |
Agree | 1.65 (0.89, 3.07) |
Disagree | 1.00 |
Listening to music is safe if you use one ear bud | |
Neither agree or disagree | 1.67 (0.72, 3.87) |
Agree | 1.68 (0.91, 3.10) |
Disagree | 1.00 |
Listening to music makes me more careful | |
Neither agree or disagree | 1.33 (0.69, 2.54) |
Agree | 0.80 (0.45, 1.43) |
Disagree | 1.00 |
Listening to music is distracting | |
Neither agree or disagree | 0.54 (0.27, 1.10) |
Agree | 0.59 (0.33, 1.07) |
Disagree | 1.00 |
Listening to music makes it harder to hear/talk to people | |
Neither agree or disagree | 0.46 (0.19, 1.13) |
Agree | 0.35 (0.18, 0.65) |
Disagree | 1.00 |
I don’t like the music playing overhead | 0.97 (0.59, 1.60) |
Family listens to music while skiing or snowboarding | |
Sometimes | 1.48 (0.76, 2.87) |
Yes | 1.84 (1.02, 3.32) |
No | 1.00 |
Terrain parks
OR (95% CI) | |
---|---|
Age (Years) | 0.70 (0.57, 0.86) |
Sex | 4.18 (2.01, 8.70) |
Snowboarding today | 1.40 (0.64, 3.04) |
Ability | |
Beginner | 1.00 |
Intermediate | 2.85 (1.17, 6.95) |
Advanced/Expert | 3.78 (1.41, 10.19) |
Previous ski/snowboard injury that required a doctor | 3.05 (1.18, 7.90) |
Skiing or snowboarding with friends today | 3.96 (1.71, 9.20) |
Terrain parks are cool/challenging/fun | 5.84 (2.85, 11.96) |
Terrain parks are for experienced skiers and snowboarders only | 0.32 (0.16, 0.64) |
Terrain parks are too busy/crowded | 0.31 (0.16, 0.62) |
I think terrain parks are used by my friends and I don’t want to be left out | 0.88 (0.45, 1.72) |
I get hurt in terrain parks at least half the time | 5.85 (2.21, 15.50) |
Do not be scared of getting hurt to make terrain parks safer | 2.07 (1.04, 4.13) |
Siblings use the terrain park when skiing/snowboarding | 4.94 (2.48, 9.85) |
If my parents said I wasn’t allowed I would go to the terrain park and risk getting caught | 2.22 (1.10, 4.49) |
I think people use the terrain park because all the good skiers and snowboarders use it | 0.45 (0.22, 0.90) |
Video recording themselves or others
OR (95% CI) | |
---|---|
Previous ski/snowboard injury that required a doctor | 0.90 (0.56, 1.43) |
Skiing or snowboarding with friends today | 3.65 (1.45, 9.18) |
Think you will get a head injury today | |
Disagree | 1.00 |
Neither agree or disagree | 2.93 (1.41, 6.08) |
Agree | 2.05 (1.09, 3.83) |
I plan to record myself or others next time | 8.09 (4.67, 14.01) |
I think recording makes me try harder and improve my tricks | |
Disagree | 5.16 (1.92, 13.89) |
Neither Agree or Disagree | 1.00 |
Agree | 3.34 (1.38, 8.08) |
Family records videos while skiing/snowboarding | |
No | 0.56 (0.31, 1.01) |
Sometimes | 0.65 (0.29, 1.43) |
Yes | 1.00 |
Friends record videos while skiing/snowboarding | |
No | 0.36 (0.16, 0.80) |
Sometimes | 0.41 (0.24, 0.69) |
Yes | 1.00 |
I record myself while skiing/snowboarding because I am confident in my skills | 1.08 (0.65, 1.81) |