Introduction
Methods
Participants
Measures
Statistical analyses
Results
Sample description
Total sample (N = 200) | Age 7 + (n = 179) | Age 3–6 (n = 21) | |
---|---|---|---|
M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | |
Age | 12.01 (4.05) Range 4–21 | 12.79 (3.54) Range 7–21 | 5.38 (0.81) Range 4–6 |
Gender (female) (n, %) | 124 (62.0) | 110 (61.5) | 14 (66.7) |
Current location (n, %) | |||
Inside Ukraine | 126 (63.0) | 111 (62.0) | 15 (71.4) |
Outside Ukraine | 62 (31.0) | 56 (31.3) | 6 (28.6) |
Unknown | 12 (6.0) | 12 (6.7) | – |
Present Caregivera (n, %) | |||
Mother | 156 (78.0) | 136 (76.0) | 20 (95.2) |
Father | 32 (16.0) | 31 (17.3) | 1 (4.8) |
Grandparent | 17 (8.5) | 16 (8.9) | 1 (4.8) |
Professional (e.g. child welfare staff) | 7 (3.5) | 6 (3.4) | 1 (4.8) |
Other | 13 (6.0) | 11 (6.1) | 1 (4.8) |
Trauma
Traumatic event | Self-report (N = 179) | Caregiver-report (n = 163) | Correlation between self- and caregiver-report |
---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | ||
Natural disaster | 16 (8.9) | 17 (10.4) | Φ =0 .864, p <0 .001 |
Accident/injury | 59 (33.0) | 42 (25.8) | Φ = 0.530, p <0 .001 |
Experiencing family violence | 56 (31.3) | 38 (23.3) | Φ =0 .588, p <0 .001 |
Experiencing community violence | 51 (28.5) | 33 (20.2) | Φ =0 .679, p <0 .001 |
Attacked with weapon | 17 (9.5) | 12 (7.4) | Φ =0 .723, p <0 .001 |
Witnessing family violence | 68 (38.0) | 61 (37.4) | Φ = 0.792, p < 0.001 |
Witnessing community violence | 57 (31.8) | 25 (15.3) | Φ =0 .518, p < 0.001 |
Sexual violence/abuse | 24 (13.4) | 12 (7.4) | Φ =0 .800, p <0 .001 |
Online sexual violence/abuse | 11 (6.1) | 5 (3.1) | Φ =0 .618, p < 0.001 |
Bullying | 71 (39.7) | 58 (35.6) | Φ = 0.522, p < 0.001 |
Online bullying | 22 (12.3) | 11 (6.7) | Φ = 0.436, p <0 .001 |
Sudden loss | 48 (26.8) | 41 (25.2) | Φ =0 .812, p < 0.001 |
Scary medical procedure | 46 (25.7) | 40 (24.5) | Φ = 0.622, p < 0.001 |
War | 123 (68.7) | 119 (73.0) | Φ = 0.729, p < 0.001 |
Other not specified event | 78 (49.2) | 80 (49.1) | Φ =0 .681, p < 0.001 |
Traumatic event | Total preschool sample (n = 21) |
---|---|
n (%) | |
Natural disaster | 7 (33.3) |
Accident/injury | 4 (19.1) |
Experiencing robbery | 3 (14.3) |
Experiencing family violence | 4 (19.1) |
Experiencing community violence | 2 (9.5) |
Witnessing family violence | 8 (38.1) |
Witnessing community violence | 7 (33.3) |
Being touched on private parts | 1 (4.8) |
Sexual violence/abuse | 1 (4.8) |
Sudden loss | 8 (38.1) |
Violent attack | 3 (14.3) |
Witnessing violent attack | 9 (42.9) |
Scary medical procedure | 7 (33.3) |
War | 15 (71.4) |
Other not specified event | 13 (61.9) |
Posttraumatic stress disorder and complex posttraumatic stress disorder
CATS-2 self-report | Age 7 + (n = 179) M (SD) Range | Age 3–6 (n = 21) M (SD) Range |
---|---|---|
Number of traumatic events | 4.23 (2.54) 0–12 | – |
CATS-2 DSM-5 PTSD total score | 36.30 (10.40) 12–58 | – |
CATS-2 ICD-11 PTSD total score | 10.48 (3.96) 1–18 | – |
CATS-2 ICD-11 CPTSD total score | 19.72 (7.06) 5–38 | – |
CATS-2 caregiver-report | ||
Number of traumatic events | 3.64 (2.19) 0–11 | 4.38 (2.81) 1–10 |
CATS-2 DSM-5 PTSD total score | 35.63 (12.06) 0–60 | 30.00 (5.81) 12- 40 |
CATS-2 ICD-11 PTSD total score | 9.64 (4.59) 0–18 | – |
CATS-2 ICD-11 CPTSD total score | 19.03 (7.85) 0–36 | – |
Self-report (participant age 7 or older) | Caregiver-report (participant age 7 or older) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Possible range | M (SD) | Criteria Met (n, %) | M (SD) | Criteria Met (n, %) | |
DSM-5 PTSD criteria | |||||
Re-experiencing | 0–15 | 9.73 (3.55) | 173 (96.6) | 8.96 (3.99) | 149 (83.2) |
Avoidance | 0–6 | 3.70 (1.77) | 141 (78.8) | 3.45 (2.03) | 112 (62.6) |
Alterations mood /Cognitions | 0–21 | 12.41 (4.43) | 168 (93.9) | 12.87 (4.59) | 151 (84.4) |
Hyperarousal | 0–15 | 10.46 (3.41) | 159 (88.8) | 10.34 (3.94) | 146 (81.6) |
Functional impairment | 0–5 | 3.58 (1.38) | 178 (99.4) | 3.69 (1.46) | 157 (87.7) |
Probable DSM-5 PTSD diagnosis | 123 (68.7) | 100 (55.9) | |||
ICD-11 PTSD criteria | |||||
Re-experiencing | 0–6 | 3.25 (1.79) | 135 (75.4) | 2.81 (1.93) | 109 (60.9) |
Avoidance | 0–6 | 3.70 (1.77) | 141 (78.8) | 3.45 (2.03) | 112 (62.6) |
Hyperarousal | 0–6 | 3.53 (1.71) | 141 (78.8) | 3.38 (1.89) | 119 (66.5) |
Functional Impairment | 0–5 | 3.58 (1.38) | 178 (99.4) | 3.69 (1.46) | 157 (87.7) |
Probable ICD-11 PTSD diagnosis | 56 (31.3) | 44 (24.6) | |||
ICD-11 CPTSD criteria | |||||
Affect dysregulation | 0–6 | 3.65 (1.54) | 150 (83.8) | 4.10 (1.54) | 144 (80.4) |
Negative self-concept | 0–6 | 2.41 (2.02) | 75 (41.9) | 2.15 (2.12) | 52 (29.1) |
Interpersonal disturbances | 0–6 | 3.17 (1.95) | 124 (69.3) | 3.14 (1.91) | 110 (61.5) |
Probable ICD-11 CPTSD diagnosis | 38 (21.2) | 27 (15.1) | |||
Caregiver report (participant age 3–6) | |||||
DSM-5 criteria | |||||
Re-experiencing | 0–15 | 9.81 (2.96) | 20 (95.2) | ||
Avoidance negative mood/Cognitions | 0–18 | 10.14 (2.85) | 21 (100.0) | ||
Hyperarousal | 0–15 | 8.10 (2.02) | 21 (100.0) | ||
Functional impairment | 0–5 | 3.10 (1.14) | 21 (100.0) | ||
Probable DSM-5 PTSD diagnosis | 20 (95.2) |