Background
Methods
Study sample
Procedure
Measures
Aggressive behavior
Mindful parenting
Child maltreatment
Sociodemographic characteristics
Statistical analysis
Results
Sample description
Adolescents (n = 554) | Mothers (n = 228) | Fathers (n = 326) | |
---|---|---|---|
n (%)/M ± SD | n (%)/M ± SD | n (%)/M ± SD | |
Age (years) | 16.91 ± 1.08 | 46.00 ± 4.40 | 46.37 ± 4.85 |
Sex | |||
Male | 314 (56.7) | ||
Female | 240 (43.3) | ||
Only child | |||
No | 493 (89.0) | ||
Yes | 61 (11.0) | ||
Family location | |||
Rural area | 185 (81.1) | 278 (85.3) | |
Town | 17 (7.5) | 18 (5.5) | |
County or city | 26 (11.4) | 30 (9.2) | |
Parental education | |||
Elementary or lower | 116 (50.9) | 65 (19.9) | |
Middle school | 94 (41.2) | 211 (64.7) | |
High school | 14 (6.1) | 39 (12.0) | |
College or higher | 4 (1.8) | 11 (3.4) | |
Parental occupation | |||
Unemployment | 40 (17.5) | 19 (5.8) | |
Unskilled labor | 102 (44.7) | 155 (47.6) | |
Skilled labor | 18 (7.9) | 64 (19.6) | |
Self-employment | 59 (25.9) | 66 (20.3) | |
Other | 9 (4.0) | 22 (6.7) | |
Family SES | − 0.30 ± 1.08 | 0.20 ± 0.93 | |
Aggressive behavior | 7.51 ± 4.40 | ||
Maternal physical abuse | |||
No | 422 (80.4) | ||
Yes | 103 (19.6) | ||
Paternal physical abuse | |||
No | 435 (82.5) | ||
Yes | 92 (17.5) | ||
Maternal psychological aggression | |||
No | 358 (65.0) | ||
Yes | 193 (35.0) | ||
Paternal psychological aggression | |||
No | 378 (68.2) | ||
Yes | 176 (31.8) | ||
Maternal neglect | |||
No | 360 (68.7) | ||
Yes | 164 (31.3) | ||
Paternal neglect | |||
No | 342 (65.0) | ||
Yes | 184 (35.0) | ||
Mindful parenting | |||
Total scale | 3.26 ± 0.55 | 3.20 ± 0.52 | |
IWFA | 3.50 ± 0.49 | 3.44 ± 0.48 | |
CAA | 3.49 ± 0.81 | 3.43 ± 0.77 | |
SR | 2.85 ± 0.78 | 2.76 ± 0.70 | |
EAC | 2.91 ± 0.80 | 2.93 ± 0.77 |
Bivariate analysis results
Aggressive behavior | Mindful parenting | Interaction with full attention | Compassion and acceptance | Self regulation | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M ± SD | t | M ± SD | t | M ± SD | t | M ± SD | t | M ± SD | t | |
Total sample | ||||||||||
Physical abuse | − 4.13*** | 2.49* | 3.78*** | 2.74** | 0.40 | |||||
No (427, 80.4%) | 7.18 ± 4.05 | 3.26 ± 0.53 | 3.50 ± 0.47 | 3.51 ± 0.78 | 2.81 ± 0.73 | |||||
Yes (104, 19.6%) | 9.18 ± 5.42 | 3.12 ± 0.52 | 3.31 ± 0.52 | 3.28 ± 0.76 | 2.78 ± 0.72 | |||||
Psychological aggression | − 4.67*** | 1.37 | 2.72** | 1.85 | − 0.21 | |||||
No (356, 64.3%) | 6.86 ± 4.07 | 3.25 ± 0.53 | 3.51 ± 0.46 | 3.50 ± 0.78 | 2.79 ± 0.73 | |||||
Yes (198, 35.7%) | 8.68 ± 4.72 | 3.19 ± 0.53 | 3.39 ± 0.52 | 3.37 ± 0.78 | 2.81 ± 0.75 | |||||
Neglect | − 1.31 | − 0.73 | 1.15 | -1.08 | − 0.23 | |||||
No (348, 65.7%) | 7.39 ± 4.38 | 3.22 ± 0.53 | 3.48 ± 0.47 | 3.44 ± 0.80 | 2.80 ± 0.72 | |||||
Yes (182, 34.3%) | 7.93 ± 4.48 | 3.26 ± 0.52 | 3.43 ± 0.51 | 3.52 ± 0.75 | 2.81 ± 0.74 | |||||
Mother-adolescent dyads | ||||||||||
Physical abuse | -3.00** | 0.99 | 3.41*** | 1.29 | − 1.00 | |||||
No (175, 79.9%) | 7.13 ± 3.74 | 3.28 ± 0.57 | 3.55 ± 0.46 | 3.53 ± 0.83 | 2.83 ± 0.80 | |||||
Yes (44, 20.1%) | 9.19 ± 4.93 | 3.19 ± 0.50 | 3.27 ± 0.56 | 3.35 ± 0.72 | 2.96 ± 0.71 | |||||
Psychological aggression | − 3.19** | 0.56 | 1.94 | 0.75 | 0.08 | |||||
No (138, 60.5%) | 6.81 ± 3.93 | 3.28 ± 0.54 | 3.55 ± 0.45 | 3.52 ± 0.80 | 2.86 ± 0.76 | |||||
Yes (90, 39.5%) | 8.56 ± 4.07 | 3.23 ± 0.57 | 3.42 ± 0.06 | 3.44 ± 0.83 | 2.85 ± 0.82 | |||||
Neglect | − 1.65 | − 1.04 | 0.32 | − 1.46 | − 0.28 | |||||
No (145, 66.5%) | 7.22 ± 4.09 | 3.24 ± 0.59 | 3.50 ± 0.48 | 3.44 ± 0.85 | 2.85 ± 0.79 | |||||
Yes (73, 33.5%) | 8.20 ± 4.01 | 3.32 ± 0.48 | 3.48 ± 0.51 | 3.61 ± 0.72 | 2.88 ± 0.77 | |||||
Father-adolescent dyads | ||||||||||
Physical abuse | − 2.92** | 2.49* | 2.07* | 2.53* | 1.56 | |||||
No (252, 80.8%) | 7.21 ± 4.26 | 3.25 ± 0.50 | 3.47 ± 0.47 | 3.50 ± 0.75 | 2.80 ± 0.68 | |||||
Yes (60, 19.2%) | 9.17 ± 5.80 | 3.07 ± 0.53 | 3.33 ± 0.49 | 3.22 ± 0.79 | 2.64 ± 0.70 | |||||
Psychological aggression | − 3.46*** | 1.46 | 2.04* | 1.90 | − 0.23 | |||||
No (218, 66.9%) | 6.89 ± 4.17 | 3.23 ± 0.53 | 3.48 ± 0.46 | 3.49 ± 0.78 | 2.75 ± 0.71 | |||||
Yes (108, 33.1%) | 8.78 ± 5.21 | 3.15 ± 0.49 | 3.37 ± 0.50 | 3.32 ± 0.74 | 2.77 ± 0.69 | |||||
Neglect | − 0.41 | − 0.07 | 1.21 | − 0.18 | − 0.08 | |||||
No (203, 65.1%) | 7.51 ± 4.59 | 3.21 ± 0.49 | 3.47 ± 0.46 | 3.44 ± 0.76 | 2.76 ± 0.66 | |||||
Yes (109, 34.9%) | 7.74 ± 4.79 | 3.22 ± 0.54 | 3.40 ± 0.51 | 3.45 ± 0.78 | 2.77 ± 0.72 |
Total sample | Mother-adolescent dyads | Father-adolescent dyads | |
---|---|---|---|
Aggressive behavior | Aggressive behavior | Aggressive behavior | |
Mindful parenting | − 0.05 | − 0.01 | − 0.07 |
Interaction with full attention | − 0.13** | − 0.15* | − 0.13* |
Compassion and acceptance | − 0.06 | − 0.06 | − 0.06 |
Self regulation | 0.03 | 0.09 | − 0.01 |
Path analysis in the total sample
OR | 95% CI | p | b | se | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MP as the independent variable | ||||||
Through physical abuse | ||||||
MP → PA | 0.59 | (0.39,0.89) | 0.012 | |||
PA → AB | 1.16 | 0.54 | 0.030 | |||
Through psychological aggression | ||||||
MP → PCA | 0.80 | (0.57,1.11) | 0.173 | |||
PCA → AB | 1.37 | 0.44 | 0.002 | |||
Through neglect | ||||||
MP → NE | 1.16 | (0.82,1.65) | 0.387 | |||
NE → AB | 0.12 | 0.42 | 0.768 | |||
Direct path from MP to AB | ||||||
MP → AB | -0.22 | 0.36 | 0.539 | |||
IWFA factor as the independent variable | ||||||
Through physical abuse | ||||||
IWFA → PA | 0.41 | (0.26,0.66) | < 0.001 | |||
PA → AB | 1.04 | 0.54 | 0.052 | |||
Through psychological aggression | ||||||
IWFA → PCA | 0.60 | (0.41,0.86) | 0.006 | |||
PCA → AB | 1.33 | 0.44 | 0.002 | |||
Through neglect | ||||||
IWFA → NE | 0.82 | (0.56,1.19) | 0.301 | |||
NE → AB | 0.10 | 0.42 | 0.815 | |||
Direct path from IWFA to AB | ||||||
IWFA → AB | -0.86 | 0.40 | 0.031 | |||
CAA factor as the independent variable | ||||||
Through physical abuse | ||||||
CAA → PA | 0.68 | (0.52,0.89) | 0.006 | |||
PA → AB | 1.14 | 0.54 | 0.033 | |||
Through psychological aggression | ||||||
CAA → PCA | 0.81 | (0.65,1.02) | 0.071 | |||
PCA → AB | 1.35 | 0.44 | 0.002 | |||
Through neglect | ||||||
CAA → NE | 1.15 | (0.91,1.46) | 0.233 | |||
NE → AB | 0.14 | 0.42 | 0.735 | |||
Direct path from CAA to AB | ||||||
CAA → AB | -0.24 | 0.24 | 0.330 | |||
SR factor as the independent variable | ||||||
Through physical abuse | ||||||
SR → PA | 0.93 | (0.69, 1.26) | 0.643 | |||
PA → AB | 1.19 | 0.53 | 0.026 | |||
Through psychological aggression | ||||||
SR → PCA | 1.02 | (0.81,1.29) | 0.860 | |||
PCA → AB | 1.38 | 0.44 | 0.002 | |||
Through neglect | ||||||
SR → NE | 1.04 | (0.81,1.34) | 0.750 | |||
NE → AB | 0.11 | 0.42 | 0.796 | |||
Direct path from SR to AB | ||||||
SR → AB | 0.16 | 0.26 | 0.539 |
Path analysis stratified by parent gender
Mother-adolescent dyads | Father-adolescent dyads | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | p | b | se | p | OR | 95% CI | p | b | se | p | |
MP as the independent variable | ||||||||||||
Through physical abuse | ||||||||||||
MP → PA | 0.76 | (0.42,1.37) | 0.357 | 0.48 | (0.27,0.86) | 0.013 | ||||||
PA → AB | 1.12 | 0.77 | 0.148 | 1.00 | 0.73 | 0.172 | ||||||
Through psychological aggression | ||||||||||||
MP → PCA | 0.88 | (0.54,1.45) | 0.622 | 0.71 | (0.45,1.12) | 0.137 | ||||||
PCA → AB | 1.19 | 0.62 | 0.054 | 1.55 | 0.60 | 0.010 | ||||||
Through neglect | ||||||||||||
MP → NE | 1.23 | (0.72,2.08) | 0.454 | 1.07 | (0.67,1.70) | 0.775 | ||||||
NE → AB | 0.56 | 0.61 | 0.353 | -0.20 | 0.57 | 0.727 | ||||||
Direct path from MP to AB | ||||||||||||
MP → AB | 0.13 | 0.50 | 0.791 | -0.58 | 0.52 | 0.260 | ||||||
IWFA factor as the independent variable | ||||||||||||
Through physical abuse | ||||||||||||
IWFA → PA | 0.29 | (0.14,0.62) | 0.001 | 0.53 | (0.29,0.97) | 0.041 | ||||||
PA → AB | 0.92 | 0.79 | 0.241 | 0.97 | 0.73 | 0.184 | ||||||
Through psychological aggression | ||||||||||||
IWFA → PCA | 0.59 | (0.34,1.05) | 0.074 | 0.57 | (0.34,0.95) | 0.030 | ||||||
PCA → AB | 1.19 | 0.62 | 0.054 | 1.48 | 0.60 | 0.013 | ||||||
Through neglect | ||||||||||||
IWFA → NE | 0.82 | (0.45,1.48) | 0.507 | 0.77 | (0.47,1.27) | 0.303 | ||||||
NE → AB | 0.58 | 0.60 | 0.337 | -0.25 | 0.56 | 0.658 | ||||||
Direct path from IWFA to AB | ||||||||||||
IWFA → AB | -0.66 | 0.58 | 0.259 | -1.09 | 0.54 | 0.045 | ||||||
CAA factor as the independent variable | ||||||||||||
Through physical abuse | ||||||||||||
CAA → PA | 0.79 | (0.52,1.19) | 0.266 | 0.61 | (0.42,0.89) | 0.010 | ||||||
PA → AB | 1.08 | 0.77 | 0.162 | 1.01 | 0.73 | 0.169 | ||||||
Through psychological aggression | ||||||||||||
CAA → PCA | 0.89 | (0.63,1.24) | 0.486 | 0.74 | (0.55,1.01) | 0.056 | ||||||
PCA → AB | 1.17 | 0.62 | 0.059 | 1.54 | 0.60 | 0.011 | ||||||
Through neglect | ||||||||||||
CAA → NE | 1.23 | (0.85,1.79) | 0.273 | 1.07 | (0.78,1.46) | 0.665 | ||||||
NE → AB | 0.60 | 0.61 | 0.325 | -0.19 | 0.57 | 0.737 | ||||||
Direct path from CAA to AB | ||||||||||||
CAA → AB | -0.17 | 0.34 | 0.626 | -0.36 | 0.34 | 0.293 | ||||||
SR factor as the independent variable | ||||||||||||
Through physical abuse | ||||||||||||
SR → PA | 1.23 | (0.79,1.91) | 0.352 | 0.71 | (0.47,1.09) | 0.117 | ||||||
PA → AB | 1.01 | 0.77 | 0.193 | 1.06 | 0.73 | 0.148 | ||||||
Through psychological aggression | ||||||||||||
SR → PCA | 0.99 | (0.70,1.40) | 0.950 | 1.05 | (0.75,1.46) | 0.784 | ||||||
PCA → AB | 1.24 | 0.62 | 0.045 | 1.60 | 0.60 | 0.008 | ||||||
Through neglect | ||||||||||||
SR → NE | 1.04 | (0.72,1.50) | 0.844 | 1.03 | (0.73,1.45) | 0.875 | ||||||
NE → AB | 0.59 | 0.60 | 0.332 | -0.23 | 0.57 | 0.689 | ||||||
Direct path from SR to AB | ||||||||||||
SR → AB | 0.48 | 0.35 | 0.176 | -0.07 | 0.38 | 0.844 |