Background
Methods
Study design and participants
Data collection at birth
Data collection during lockdown
Adolescent perceptions during lockdown
Adolescent behaviors during lockdown
Statistical analysis
Results
Participants
Adolescent perceptions during lockdown
Variables, n (%) | Cluster “unhappy” | Cluster “intermediate” | Cluster ”happy” | Total | p values* | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 146 (19) | n = 334 (42) | n = 311 (39) | N = 791 | “unhappy” vs. ”intermediate” | “unhappy” vs. ”happy” | “intermediate” vs. ”happy” | |
Perceived health
| |||||||
Overall health | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.04 | ||||
Poor, medium | 12 (8) | 12 (3) | 5 (1) | 29 (4) | |||
Good | 61 (42) | 76 (23) | 52 (17) | 189 (24) | |||
Very good, excellent | 73 (50) | 246 (74) | 254 (82) | 573 (72) | |||
Energy to spare during the past week | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.59 | ||||
None of the time, rarely | 40 (27) | 50 (15) | 39 (13) | 129 (16) | |||
Some of the time, often | 93 (64) | 210 (63) | 196 (63) | 499 (63) | |||
All of the time | 13 (9) | 74 (22) | 76 (24) | 163 (21) | |||
Deterioration since the beginning of lockdown | |||||||
Own health | 21 (14) | 18 (5) | 8 (3) | 47 (6) | 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.07 |
Health of relatives | 22 (15) | 33 (10) | 23 (7) | 78 (10) | 0.10 | 0.01 | 0.26 |
Weight | 48 (33) | 79 (24) | 39 (13) | 166 (21) | 0.04 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Physical fitness | 60 (41) | 69 (21) | 65 (21) | 194 (25) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.94 |
More frequent lack of energy | 68 (47) | 73 (22) | 51 (16) | 192 (24) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.08 |
More often weak, tired | 84 (58) | 72 (22) | 56 (18) | 212 (27) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.26 |
Happiness
| |||||||
Happy | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.004 | ||||
Not at all, rather not | 35 (24) | 18 (5) | 5 (2) | 58 (7) | |||
Quite | 79 (54) | 73 (22) | 50 (16) | 202 (26) | |||
Rather, very | 32 (22) | 243 (73) | 256 (82) | 531 (67) | |||
During the past week | |||||||
Feeling cheerful | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
None of the time, rarely | 39 (27) | 11 (3) | 8 (3) | 58 (7) | |||
Some of the time, often | 107 (73) | 294 (88) | 230 (74) | 631 (80) | |||
All of the time | 0 (0) | 29 (9) | 73 (23) | 102 (13) | |||
Feeling optimistic about the future | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
None of the time, rarely | 67 (46) | 74 (22) | 39 (13) | 180 (23) | |||
Some of the time, often | 76 (52) | 237 (71) | 219 (70) | 532 (67) | |||
All of the time | 3 (2) | 23 (7) | 53 (17) | 79 (10) | |||
Feeling loved | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.001 | ||||
None of the time, rarely | 32 (22) | 10 (3) | 6 (2) | 48 (6) | |||
Some of the time, often | 107 (73) | 219 (66) | 164 (53) | 490 (62) | |||
All of the time | 7 (5) | 105 (31) | 141 (45) | 253 (32) | |||
Deterioration of morale since the beginning of lockdown | 82 (56) | 92 (28) | 37 (12) | 211 (27) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Self-esteem
| |||||||
During the past week | |||||||
Feeling confident | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
None of the time, rarely | 68 (47) | 52 (15) | 9 (3) | 129 (16) | |||
Some of the time, often | 76 (52) | 246 (74) | 228 (73) | 550 (70) | |||
All of the time | 2 (1) | 36 (11) | 74 (24) | 112 (14) | |||
Feeling good about myself | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
None of the time, rarely | 69 (47) | 73 (22) | 12 (4) | 154 (20) | |||
Some of the time, often | 72 (49) | 211 (63) | 209 (67) | 492 (62) | |||
All of the time | 5 (4) | 50 (15) | 90 (29) | 145 (18) | |||
Dealing with problems well | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
None of the time, rarely | 51 (35) | 56 (17) | 25 (8) | 132 (17) | |||
Some of the time, often | 91 (62) | 241 (72) | 221 (71) | 553 (70) | |||
All of the time | 4 (3) | 37 (11) | 65 (21) | 106 (13) | |||
Able to make up own mind about things | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.008 | ||||
None of the time, rarely | 23 (16) | 20 (6) | 8 (2) | 51 (6) | |||
Some of the time, often | 101 (69) | 223 (67) | 189 (61) | 513 (65) | |||
All of the time | 22 (15) | 91 (27) | 114 (37) | 227 (29) | |||
Thinking clearly | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
None of the time, rarely | 46 (32) | 49 (15) | 7 (2) | 102 (13) | |||
Some of the time, often | 85 (58) | 219 (65) | 195 (63) | 499 (63) | |||
All of the time | 15 (10) | 66 (20) | 109 (35) | 190 (24) | |||
Feeling useful | 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.002 | ||||
None of the time, rarely | 79 (54) | 119 (36) | 90 (29) | 288 (36) | |||
Some of the time, often | 65 (45) | 203 (61) | 189 (61) | 457 (58) | |||
All of the time | 2 (1) | 12 (3) | 32 (10) | 46 (6) | |||
Interested in new things | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.08 | ||||
None of the time, rarely | 46 (32) | 43 (13) | 47 (15) | 136 (17) | |||
Some of the time, often | 91 (62) | 246 (73) | 205 (66) | 542 (69) | |||
All of the time | 9 (6) | 45 (14) | 59 (19) | 113 (14) | |||
Difficulties
| |||||||
Deterioration since the beginning of lockdown | |||||||
Family’s financial situation | 18 (12) | 40 (12) | 17 (6) | 75 (10) | 0.91 | 0.01 | 0.004 |
School situation | 56 (38) | 79 (24) | 46 (15) | 181 (23) | 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.004 |
Variables, n (%) | Cluster “unhappy” | Cluster “intermediate” | Cluster ”happy” | Total | p values* | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 146 (19) | n = 334 (42) | n = 311 (39) | N = 791 | “unhappy” vs. ”intermediate” | “unhappy” vs. ”happy” | “intermediate” vs. ”happy” | |
Interest in other people
| |||||||
During the past week | |||||||
Feeling interested in other people | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.14 | ||||
None of the time, rarely | 59 (40) | 52 (16) | 62 (20) | 173 (22) | |||
Some of the time, often | 80 (55) | 249 (74) | 210 (67) | 539 (68) | |||
All of the time | 7 (5) | 33 (10) | 39 (13) | 79 (10) | |||
Feeling close to other people | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.03 | ||||
None of the time, rarely | 67 (46) | 58 (17) | 40 (13) | 165 (21) | |||
Some of the time, often | 74 (51) | 230 (69) | 206 (66) | 510 (64) | |||
All of the time | 5 (3) | 46 (14) | 65 (21) | 116 (15) | |||
Level of worry about the coronavirus regarding | |||||||
Family health1 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
Low | 40 (27) | 38 (11) | 125 (40) | 203 (26) | |||
Moderate | 51 (35) | 122 (37) | 142 (46) | 315 (40) | |||
High | 55 (38) | 174 (52) | 44 (14) | 273 (35) | |||
Friends’ health1 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
Low | 67 (46) | 90 (27) | 211 (68) | 368 (47) | |||
Moderate | 48 (33) | 151 (45) | 79 (25) | 278 (35) | |||
High | 31 (21) | 93 (28) | 21 (7) | 145 (18) | |||
Relationships
| |||||||
Since the beginning of lockdown | |||||||
Suffering from loneliness1 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
Low | 56 (38) | 198 (59) | 247 (79) | 501 (63) | |||
Moderate | 43 (30) | 74 (22) | 47 (15) | 164 (21) | |||
High | 47 (32) | 62 (19) | 17 (6) | 126 (16) | |||
Suffering from overcrowded living conditions1 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
Low | 80 (55) | 252 (76) | 271 (87) | 603 (76) | |||
Moderate | 39 (27) | 51 (15) | 32 (10) | 122 (16) | |||
High | 27 (18) | 31 (9) | 8 (3) | 66 (8) | |||
Relationship with father | |||||||
Deterioration | 26 (18) | 25 (8) | 18 (6) | 69 (9) | 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.39 |
Improvement | 14 (10) | 85 (26) | 41 (13) | 140 (18) | < 0.001 | 0.27 | < 0.001 |
Relationship with mother | |||||||
Deterioration | 25 (17) | 16 (5) | 14 (5) | 55 (7) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.86 |
Improvement | 19 (13) | 108 (32) | 49 (16) | 176 (22) | < 0.001 | 0.44 | < 0.001 |
Relationship with sibling | |||||||
Deterioration | 25 (17) | 19 (6) | 23 (7) | 67 (9) | < 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.38 |
Improvement | 42 (29) | 119 (36) | 66 (21) | 227 (29) | 0.14 | 0.08 | < 0.001 |
Relationship with friends | |||||||
Deterioration | 27 (19) | 29 (9) | 27 (9) | 83 (11) | 0.002 | 0.002 | 1 |
Improvement | 40 (27) | 104 (31) | 37 (12) | 181 (23) | 0.41 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Deterioration of family tensions | 42 (29) | 54 (16) | 24 (8) | 120 (15) | 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.001 |
Talk, confide, and express themselves more often | |||||||
With friends | 36 (25) | 92 (28) | 30 (10) | 158 (20) | 0.51 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
With parents | 23 (16) | 82 (25) | 119 (38) | 224 (28) | 0.03 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
With teachers | 6 (4) | 57 (17) | 14 (5) | 77 (10) | < 0.001 | 0.85 | < 0.001 |
Understood, reassured more often | |||||||
By friends | 31 (21) | 62 (19) | 13 (4) | 106 (13) | 0.50 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
By parents | 14 (10) | 71 (21) | 63 (20) | 148 (19) | 0.002 | 0.004 | 0.75 |
By teachers | 7 (5) | 64 (19) | 15 (6) | 86 (11) | < 0.001 | 0.99 | < 0.001 |
Helped more often | |||||||
By friends | 44 (30) | 74 (22) | 21 (7) | 139 (18) | 0.06 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
By parents | 34 (23) | 115 (34) | 110 (35) | 259 (33) | 0.015 | 0.01 | 0.80 |
By teachers | 9 (6) | 65 (20) | 17 (6) | 91 (12) | < 0.001 | 0.76 | < 0.001 |
Advised more often by parents | 20 (14) | 76 (23) | 73 (24) | 169 (21) | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.83 |
Love relationship before the beginning of lockdown | 15 (10) | 67 (20) | 13 (4) | 95 (12) | 0.009 | 0.01 | < 0.001 |
Percent of deterioration of love relationship since the beginning of lockdown | 14/15 (93) | 19/67 (28) | 9/13 (69) | 42/95 (44) | 0.12 | 0.002 | 0.08 |
Variables, n (%) | Cluster “unhappy” | Cluster “intermediate” | Cluster ”happy” | Total | p values* | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 146 (19) | n = 334 (42) | n = 311 (39) | N = 791 | “unhappy” vs. ”intermediate” | “unhappy” vs. ”happy” | “intermediate” vs. ”happy” | |
Stress
| |||||||
Feeling relaxed during the past week | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
None of the time, rarely | 53 (36) | 38 (12) | 11 (3) | 102 (13) | |||
Some of the time, often | 89 (61) | 265 (79) | 232 (75) | 586 (74) | |||
All of the time | 4 (3) | 31 (9) | 68 (22) | 103 (13) | |||
Since the beginning of lockdown | |||||||
Overall stress level1 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
Low | 42 (28) | 150 (45) | 253 (81) | 445 (56) | |||
Moderate | 52 (36) | 121 (36) | 48 (16) | 221 (28) | |||
High | 52 (36) | 63 (19) | 10 (3) | 125 (16) | |||
Coronavirus-related stress level1 | < 0.001 | 0.01 | < 0.001 | ||||
Low | 101 (69) | 152 (45) | 246 (79) | 499 (63) | |||
Moderate | 31 (21) | 132 (40) | 54 (17) | 217 (27) | |||
High | 14 (10) | 50 (15) | 11 (4) | 75 (10) | |||
Level of worry about health1 | 0.008 | 0.01 | < 0.001 | ||||
Low | 113 (77) | 216 (65) | 273 (88) | 602 (76) | |||
Moderate | 28 (19) | 84 (25) | 34 (11) | 146 (19) | |||
High | 5 (4) | 34 (10) | 4 (1) | 43 (5) | |||
School-related stress level1 | 0.14 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
Low | 34 (23) | 80 (24) | 195 (63) | 309 (39) | |||
Moderate | 40 (28) | 119 (36) | 86 (28) | 245 (31) | |||
High | 72 (49) | 135 (40) | 30 (9) | 237 (30) | |||
Lockdown-related stress level1 | 0.03 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
Low | 73 (50) | 195 (58) | 271 (87) | 539 (68) | |||
Moderate | 35 (24) | 86 (26) | 34 (11) | 155 (20) | |||
High | 38 (26) | 53 (16) | 6 (2) | 97 (12) |