Background
Methods
Plasma sample preparation and metabolomics analysis
Data analysis
Results
Descriptor | JIA Group (n = 19) | Control Group (n = 20) | χ2
|
p
| ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n
| % |
n
| % | |||
Sex
| ||||||
Male | 6 | 32 | 6 | 30 | 0.011 | 0.915 |
Female | 13 | 68 | 14 | 70 | ||
Race
| ||||||
Black | 1 | 5 | 2 | 10 | 0.308 | 0.579 |
White | 18 | 95 | 18 | 90 | ||
Ethnicity
| ||||||
Hispanic/Latino | 6 | 32 | 7 | 35 | 0.051 | 0.821 |
Not Hispanic/Latino | 13 | 68 | 13 | 65 | ||
Mean
|
SD
|
Mean
|
SD
|
t
|
p
| |
Age (years) | 15.0 | 1.4 | 14.3 | 1.4 | 1.636 | 0.110 |
BMI percentile | 57.5 | 28.2 | 57.5 | 27.1 | 0.003 | 0.998 |
Pain Visual Analog Scale | 2.1 | 2.1 | 0.5 | 1.0 | −3.229 | 0.003* |
JIA disease history
Medications, vitamins, and supplements
Metabolites
Metabolite | Categorya
| Integrated Peak Area for JIA Group Relative to Control Group |
---|---|---|
Alpha-glucose | Hexose—a monosaccharide in which the sugar unit is a six-carbon containing moiety. | ↓ |
Alpha-ketoglutarate (a.k.a. oxoglutaric acid, alpha-ketoglutarate) | Gamma keto acids and derivatives, integral part of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, a key part of aerobic metabolism. | ↓ |
Glycine | Nonessential amino acid involved in the body’s production of DNA, phospholipids, and collagen, and in the release of energy. | ↑ |
Cystine | Formed from two cysteine molecules joined together, found in hair, skin, and nails; cysteine is a sulfur-containing alpha amino acid found in most proteins and contains a thiol group. | ↑ |
Serine | Conditionally essential amino acid derived from glycine. | ↓ |
N-acetylaspartate | Derivative of aspartic acid, a nonessential amino acid made from glutamic acid; may provide resistance to fatigue and promote endurance. | ↓ |
Metabolite | JIA | Control | ∆ (JIA Relative to Control) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean
|
SD
|
Mean
|
SD
| Mean Difference | % Difference | |
2-hydroxypyridine | . | . | 3.98e+ 5 | 2.13e+ 5 | −3.98e+ 05 | ** |
3-aminoisobutanoate | . | . | 7.05e+ 7 | 1.81e+ 7 | −7.05e+ 07 | ** |
3-hydroxykynurenine | 6.09e+ 5 | 2.41e+ 5 | 6.86e+ 5 | 4.14e+ 5 | − 7.70e+ 04 | −11% |
3-methylglutaric acid | 3.57e+ 6 | 9.5e+ 5 | . | . | + 3.57e+ 06 | ** |
3-ureidopropionate | . | . | 2.77e+ 6 | 5.71e+ 5 | −2.77e+ 06 | ** |
4-guanidinobutanoate | 1e+ 6 | 5.61e+ 5 | 9.98e+ 5 | 8.23e+ 5 | + 2.00e+ 03 | 0% |
5, 6-dihydrouracil | 1.11e+ 7 | 1.76e+ 6 | 1.12e+ 7 | 1.47e+ 6 | −1.00e+ 05 | − 1% |
5-aminolevulinic acid | . | . | 1.87e+ 7 | 6.05e+ 6 | −1.87e+ 07 | ** |
5-methylcytosine | 5.95e+ 5 | 2.05e+ 5 | 6.38e+ 5 | 2.19e+ 5 | −4.30e+ 04 | −7% |
5-oxolproline | 3.25e+ 8 | 6.39e+ 7 | 3.38e+ 8 | 4.92e+ 7 | −1.30e+ 07 | − 4% |
Acetyl-carnitine | 1.13e+ 9 | 3.66e+ 8 | 1.31e+ 9 | 3.3e+ 8 | −1.80e+ 08 | − 14% |
Acetyl-lysine | 5.41e+ 5 | 2.7e+ 5 | . | . | + 5.41e+ 05 | ** |
Adenine | 5.18e+ 5 | 1.77e+ 5 | 4.99e+ 5 | 2.81e+ 5 | + 1.90e+ 04 | 4% |
Alpha-glucose | 2.93e+ 7 | 3.85e+ 6 | 3.71e+ 7 | 7.42e+ 6 | −7.80e+ 06 | −21%±
|
Alpha-ketoglutarate | 3.38e+ 7 | 7.64e+ 6 | 4.63e+ 7 | 7.85e+ 6 | −1.25e+ 07 | − 27%±
|
Arginine | 1.05e+ 8 | 2.42e+ 7 | 1.02e+ 8 | 1.79e+ 7 | + 3.00e+ 06 | 3% |
Asparagine | 1.11e+ 7 | 3.07e+ 6 | 1.06e+ 7 | 3.25e+ 6 | + 5.00e+ 05 | 5% |
Beta-alanine | 1.82e+ 8 | 3.74e+ 7 | 1.87e+ 8 | 3.66e+ 7 | − 5.00e+ 06 | −3% |
Betaine | 7.47e+ 8 | 2.29e+ 8 | 7.93e+ 8 | 1.97e+ 8 | −4.60e+ 07 | −6% |
Carnitine | 1.35e+ 9 | 2.04e+ 8 | 1.28e+ 9 | 1.44e+ 8 | + 7.00e+ 07 | 5% |
Citrate | 5.11e+ 8 | 1.44e+ 8 | 7.66e+ 8 | 1.85e+ 8 | −2.55e+ 08 | −33% |
Citrulline | 4.7e+ 7 | 8.54e+ 6 | 5.43e+ 7 | 9.93e+ 6 | −7.30e+ 06 | −13% |
CMP | 3.81e+ 5 | 3.12e+ 5 | . | . | + 3.81e+ 05 | ** |
Creatine | 4.2e+ 8 | 1.74e+ 8 | 4.05e+ 8 | 1.78e+ 8 | + 1.50e+ 07 | 4% |
Creatinine | 3.39e+ 8 | 5.66e+ 7 | 3.41e+ 8 | 5.12e+ 7 | −2.00e+ 06 | −1% |
Cystine | 8.58e+ 6 | 3.66e+ 6 | 4.51e+ 6 | 1.65e+ 6 | + 4.07e+ 06 | 90%±
|
Cytidine | 7.85e+ 5 | 5.72e+ 5 | 5.91e+ 5 | 5.59e+ 5 | + 1.94e+ 05 | 33% |
Deoxycarnitine | 8.06e+ 7 | 1.35e+ 7 | 7.71e+ 7 | 1.44e+ 7 | + 3.50e+ 06 | 5% |
Fumarate | 1.93e+ 6 | 5.89e+ 5 | 2.21e+ 6 | 6.47e+ 5 | −2.80e+ 05 | −13% |
Glutamic acid | . | . | 1.36e+ 7 | 3.98e+ 6 | −1.36e+ 07 | ** |
Glutamine | 2.88e+ 8 | 3.8e+ 7 | 3.06e+ 8 | 4.28e+ 7 | −1.80e+ 07 | −6% |
Glutarate | 3.39e+ 6 | 2.07e+ 6 | . | . | + 3.39e+ 06 | ** |
Glycerol | 2.14e+ 7 | 1.01e+ 7 | 2.6e+ 7 | 9.92e+ 6 | −4.60e+ 06 | −18% |
Glycine | 1.73e+ 7 | 5e+ 6 | 1.26e+ 7 | 2.36e+ 6 | + 4.70e+ 06 | 37%±
|
Guanosine | 7.21e+ 6 | 3.28e+ 6 | 7.07e+ 6 | 3.66e+ 6 | + 1.40e+ 05 | 2% |
Histidine | 5.09e+ 7 | 6.42e+ 6 | 5.64e+ 7 | 8.73e+ 6 | −5.50e+ 06 | −10% |
Homocysteine | 1.96e+ 7 | 1.42e+ 7 | 2.52e+ 7 | 1.71e+ 7 | − 5.60e+ 06 | −22% |
Inosine | 4.76e+ 7 | 2.18e+ 7 | 4.66e+ 7 | 2.57e+ 7 | + 1.00e+ 06 | 2% |
Isocitric acid | . | . | 1.93e+ 7 | 3.82e+ 6 | −1.93e+ 07 | ** |
Isoleucine | 3.51e+ 9 | 4.35e+ 8 | 3.63e+ 9 | 6.72e+ 8 | −1.20e+ 08 | −3% |
Kynurenine | 8.73e+ 6 | 3.14e+ 6 | 1.06e+ 7 | 1.23e+ 7 | −1.87e+ 06 | − 18% |
Lactate | 1.76e+ 9 | 4.64e+ 8 | 2.16e+ 9 | 6.69e+ 8 | −4.00e+ 08 | − 19% |
Leucine | 7.31e+ 9 | 6.18e+ 8 | 7.84e+ 9 | 1.38e+ 9 | −5.30e+ 08 | −7% |
Lysine | . | . | 1.54e+ 8 | 1.7e+ 7 | −1.54e+ 08 | ** |
Malate | 3.15e+ 7 | 6.73e+ 6 | 3.86e+ 7 | 5.71e+ 6 | −7.10e+ 06 | −18% |
Methionine | 1.15e+ 9 | 1.51e+ 8 | 1.22e+ 9 | 1.37e+ 8 | −7.00e+ 07 | −6% |
Methyl-histidine | 1.28e+ 7 | 6.66e+ 6 | 1.03e+ 7 | 5.64e+ 6 | + 2.50e+ 06 | 24% |
Myristic acid | 2.21e+ 5 | 1.5e+ 5 | 3.69e+ 5 | 1.35e+ 5 | −1.48e+ 05 | −40% |
N-acetyl-alanine | . | . | 1.17e+ 7 | 1.1e+ 6 | −1.17e+ 07 | ** |
N-acetyl-aspartate | 1.5e+ 6 | 2.34e+ 5 | 3.01e+ 6 | 4.5e+ 5 | −1.51e+ 06 | −50%±
|
N-acetyl-glycine | 1.68e+ 7 | 8.35e+ 6 | 1.84e+ 7 | 6.24e+ 6 | −1.60e+ 06 | − 9% |
N-acetyl-methionine | 1.82e+ 6 | 7.04e+ 5 | 1.75e+ 6 | 3.67e+ 5 | + 7.00e+ 04 | 4% |
N-acetyl-phenylalanine | 1.69e+ 5 | 1.31e+ 5 | . | . | + 1.69e+ 05 | ** |
N-acetyl-putrescine | 2.11e+ 6 | 3.79e+ 5 | 2.33e+ 6 | 5.17e+ 5 | −2.20e+ 05 | −9% |
N-acetyl-serine | 3.97e+ 6 | 5.16e+ 5 | 4.5e+ 6 | 6.29e+ 5 | −5.30e+ 05 | −12% |
Ornithine | 5.41e+ 7 | 1.61e+ 7 | . | . | + 5.41e+ 07 | ** |
Pantothenic acid | 7.56e+ 6 | 4.02e+ 6 | 7.23e+ 6 | 2.64e+ 6 | + 3.30e+ 05 | 5% |
Phenylalanine | 4.68e+ 9 | 3.38e+ 8 | 5.01e+ 9 | 4.1e+ 8 | −3.30e+ 08 | −7% |
Pipecolate | 2.97e+ 8 | 1.77e+ 8 | 3.73e+ 8 | 3.56e+ 8 | − 7.60e+ 07 | − 20% |
Proline | 1.56e+ 9 | 3.41e+ 8 | 1.89e+ 9 | 5.3e+ 8 | − 3.30e+ 08 | −17% |
Pyridoxal | . | . | 8.56e+ 5 | 3.82e+ 5 | −8.56e+ 05 | ** |
Ribose-5-phosphate | 7.47e+ 5 | 2.63e+ 5 | 7.62e+ 5 | 2.44e+ 5 | −1.50e+ 04 | −2% |
Serine | 2.76e+ 5 | 1.36e+ 5 | 7.47e+ 6 | 1.21e+ 6 | −7.19e+ 06 | −96%±
|
Spermidine | 8.1e+ 6 | 4.13e+ 6 | 7.77e+ 6 | 4.17e+ 6 | + 3.30e+ 05 | 4% |
Succinate | 4.36e+ 7 | 1e+ 7 | 4.88e+ 7 | 9.73e+ 6 | −5.20e+ 06 | −11% |
Taurine | . | . | 9.82e+ 6 | 3.41e+ 6 | −9.82e+ 06 | ** |
Theobromine | 2.04e+ 8 | 4.93e+ 8 | . | . | + 2.04e+ 08 | ** |
Threonine | 8.05e+ 7 | 1.99e+ 7 | 8.39e+ 7 | 1.4e+ 7 | −3.40e+ 06 | −4% |
Trans-aconitate | 2.32e+ 6 | 8.61e+ 5 | 2.85e+ 6 | 7.49e+ 5 | −5.30e+ 05 | −19% |
Tyrosine | 2.07e+ 9 | 3.15e+ 8 | 2.31e+ 9 | 3.45e+ 8 | −2.40e+ 08 | − 10% |
Uracil | 1.49e+ 6 | 4.72e+ 5 | 2.03e+ 6 | 5.37e+ 5 | −5.40e+ 05 | − 27% |
Urocanate | 8.31e+ 6 | 5.09e+ 6 | 9.99e+ 6 | 6.89e+ 6 | −1.68e+ 06 | − 17% |