nach oben

European Journal of Epidemiology

Erschienen in:

02.03.2024 | ESSAY

On the study of fetal growth restriction: time to abandon SGA

verfasst von: Allen J. Wilcox, Jonathan M. Snowden, Kelly Ferguson, Jennifer Hutcheon, Olga Basso

Erschienen in: European Journal of Epidemiology | Ausgabe 3/2024

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Excerpt

The smallest babies at every gestational age suffer the highest mortality [1]. This risk is attributed to fetal growth restriction (FGR, formerly known as intrauterine growth restriction or IUGR). Fetal growth restriction is commonly defined as a failure of the fetus to reach its hypothetical growth potential [2]. A major challenge to the study of FGR is its lack of a gold-standard definition. An infant’s size is easily measured but its growth potential is not. There are clinical signs that may accompany a fetus’ failure to reach its potential size, for example reduced fetal arterial blood flow before birth [3] and placental abnormalities [4] or physical wasting after birth [5]. However, none of these signs is pathognomonic—all lack sensitivity and specificity. …

Wilcox AJ, Skjaerven R. Birth weight and perinatal mortality: the effect of gestational age. AJPH. 1992;82(3):378–82.CrossRef

Beune IM, Bloomfield FH, Ganzevoort W, Embleton ND, Rozance PJ, van Wassenaer-Leemhuis AG, Wynia K, Gordijn SJ. Consensus based definition of growth restriction in the newborn. J Pediatr. 2018;196:71-76.e1.CrossRefPubMed

Gordijn SJ, Beune IM, Thilaganathan B, Papageorghiou A, Baschat AA, Baker PN, Silver RM, Wynia K, Ganzevoort W. Consensus definition of fetal growth restriction: a Delphi procedure. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2016;48(3):333–9.CrossRefPubMed

Damhuis SE, Ganzevoort W, Gordijn SJ. Abnormal fetal growth: small for gestational age, fetal growth restriction, large for gestational age: definitions and epidemiology. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2021;48(2):267–79.CrossRefPubMed

Mandy GT, Infants with fetal (intrauterine) growth restriction. UpToDate. Last updated 18 August 2022, literature review complete through Feb 2023, Accessed 20 Mar 2023.

Royal College of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists. The investigation and management of the small-for-gestational-age fetus. Green–top Guideline No. 31, 2nd Ed. Feb 2013.

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' Committee on Practice Bulletins—Obstetrics and the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 204: Fetal Growth Restriction. Obstet Gynecol 2019;133(2):e97-e109.

Baschat AA. (2016) Intrauterine growth restriction. In: Gabbe SG, Niebyl JR, Simpson JL, Landon MB, Galan HL, Jauniaux ER, Driscoll DA, Berghella V, Grobman WA. Obstetrics: Normal and Problem Pregnancies E-book, Elsevier Health Sciences, Amsterdam

Demicheva E, Crispi F. Long-term follow-up of intrauterine growth restriction: cardiovascular disorders. Fetal Diagn Ther. 2014;36(2):143–53.CrossRefPubMed

10.

Karapati E, Sokou R, Iliodromiti Z, Tsaousi M, Sulaj A, Tsantes AG, Petropoulou C, Pouliakis A, Tsantes AE, Boutsikou T, Iacovidou N. (2023) Assessment of Hemostatic Profile in Neonates with Intrauterine Growth Restriction: A Systematic Review of Literature. In: Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc.

11.

Benítez-Marín MJ, Marín-Clavijo J, Blanco-Elena JA, Jiménez-López J, González-Mesa E. Brain sparing effect on neurodevelopment in children with intrauterine growth restriction: a systematic review. Children. 2021;8(9):745.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

12.

Kristensen S, Salihu HM, Keith LG, Kirby RS, Fowler KB, Pass MA. SGA subtypes and mortality risk among singleton births. Early Hum Dev. 2007;83(2):99–105.CrossRefPubMed

13.

Sacchi C, Marino C, Nosarti C, Vieno A, Visentin S, Simonelli A. Association of intrauterine growth restriction and small for gestational age status with childhood cognitive outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 2020;174(8):772–81.CrossRefPubMed

14.

Esih K, Trunk T, Osredkar D, Verdenik I, Neubauer D, Troha Gergeli A, Lučovnik M. The impact of birthweight on the development of cerebral palsy: a population-based matched case-control study. Early Hum Dev. 2022;165:105533.CrossRefPubMed

15.

Wilcox AJ, Cortese M, McConnaughey DR, Moster D, Basso O. The limits of small-for-gestational-age as a high-risk category. Eur J Epidemiol. 2021;36(10):985–91.CrossRefPubMed

16.

Kamphof HD, Gordijn SJ, Ganzevoort W, Verfaille V, Offerhaus PM, Franx A, Pajkrt E, de Jonge A, Henrichs J. Associations of severe adverse perinatal outcomes among continuous birth weight percentiles on different birth weight charts: a secondary analysis of a cluster randomized trial. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2022;22(1):375–85.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

17.

Yang L, Waldhoer T. Re: the limits of small-for-gestational-age as a high-risk category. Eur J Epidemiol. 2022;37:305–6.CrossRefPubMed

18.

Hua X, Shen M, Reddy UM, Buck Louis G, Souza JP, Gülmezoglu AM, Zhang J. Comparison of the INTERGROWTH-21st, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, and WHO fetal growth standards. IJGO. 2018;143(2):156–63.

19.

Villar J, Altman D, Purwar M, Noble J, Knight H, Ruyan P, Cheikh Ismail L, Barros F, Lambert A, Papageorghiou A, Carvalho M, Jaffer Y, Bertino E, Gravett M, Bhutta Z, Kennedy S. International Fetal and Newborn Growth Consortium for the 21st Century (INTERGROWTH-21st). The objectives, design and implementation of the INTERGROWTH-21st Project. BJOG. 2013;120(Suppl. 2):9–26.CrossRefPubMed

20.

Louis GM, Grewal J, Albert PS, Sciscione A, Wing DA, Grobman WA, Newman RB, Wapner R, D’Alton ME, Skupski D, Nageotte MP. Racial/ethnic standards for fetal growth: the NICHD fetal growth studies. AJOG. 2015;213(4):449-e1.

21.

Sovio U, Smith GC. The effect of customization and use of a fetal growth standard on the association between birthweight percentile and adverse perinatal outcome. AJOG. 2018;218(2):S738-44.CrossRef

22.

Powel JE, Chavan NR, Zantow EW, Bialko MF, Farley LG, McCormick KM, Tomlinson TM. Risk of adverse perinatal outcomes in pregnancies with “small” fetuses not meeting Delphi consensus criteria for fetal growth restriction. AJOG. 2023;229(4):e1-447.CrossRef

23.

Gardosi J, Hugh O. Stillbirth risk and smallness for gestational age according to Hadlock, INTERGROWTH-21st, WHO, and GROW fetal weight standards: analysis by maternal ethnicity and body mass index. AJOG. 2023;S0002–9378(23):00364–2.

24.

Crawford K, Hong J, Kumar S. Mediation analysis quantifying the magnitude of stillbirth risk attributable to Small for Gestational Age infants. Ajog MFM. 2023;5(12):101187.PubMed

25.

Basso O, Wilcox AJ. Intersecting birth weight-specific mortality curves: solving the riddle. Amer J Epidemiol. 2009;169(7):787–97l.CrossRef

26.

Hernández-Díaz H, Schisterman EF, Hernán MA. The birth weight “paradox” uncovered? Am J Epidemiol. 2006;164(11):1115–20.CrossRefPubMed

27.

Whitcomb BW, Schisterman EF, Perkins NJ, Platt RW. Quantification of collider-stratification bias and the birthweight paradox. Paediat Perinat Epidemiol. 2009;23(5):394–402.CrossRef

28.

Peters TJ, Golding J, Butler NR, Fryer JG, Lawrence CJ, Chamberlain GV. Plus ca change: predictors of birthweight in two national studies. BJOG. 1983;90(11):1040–5.CrossRef

29.

Lunde A, Melve KK, Gjessing HK, Skjærven R, Irgens LM. Genetic and environmental influences on birth weight, birth length, head circumference, and gestational age by use of population-based parent-offspring data. Amer J Epidemiol. 2007;165(7):734–41.CrossRef

30.

Hutcheon JA, Walker M, Platt RW. Assessing the value of customized birth weight percentiles. Am J Epidemiol. 2011;173(4):459–67.CrossRefPubMed

31.

Hutcheon JA, Riddell CA, Himes KP. A new approach for classifying fetal growth restriction. Epidemiology. 2021;32(6):860–7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

32.

Basso O, Wilcox AJ, Weinberg CR. Birth weight and mortality: causality or confounding? Am J Epidemiol. 2006;164(4):303–11.CrossRefPubMed

33.

Wilcox AJ, Basso O. Inferring fetal growth restriction as rare, severe, and stable over time. Eur J Epidemiol. 2023;38(5):455–64.CrossRefPubMed

34.

Ferguson KK, Sammallahti S, Rosen E, van den Dries M, Pronk A, Spaan S, et al. Fetal growth trajectories among small for gestational age babies and child neurodevelopment. Epidemiology. 2021;32:664–71.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

35.

Bommarito PA, Cantonwine DE, Stevens DR, Welch BM, Davalos AD, Zhao S, McElrath TF, Ferguson KK. An application of group-based trajectory modeling to define fetal growth phenotypes among small-for-gestational-age births in the lifecodes fetal growth study. AJOG. 2023;228(3):334-e1.

36.

Crovetto F, Triunfo S, Crispi F, Rodriguez-Sureda V, Roma E, Dominguez C, Gratacos E, Figueras F. First-trimester screening with specific algorithms for early- and late-onset fetal growth restriction. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2016;48(3):340–8.CrossRefPubMed

37.

Benton SJ, McCowan LM, Heazell AE, Grynspan D, Hutcheon JA, Senger C, Burke O, Chan Y, Harding JE, Yockell-Lelievre J, Hu Y. Placental growth factor as a marker of fetal growth restriction caused by placental dysfunction. Placenta. 2016;42:1–8.CrossRefPubMed

38.

Gaccioli F, Aye ILMH, Sovio U, Charnock-Jones DS, Smith GCS. Screening for fetal growth restriction using fetal biometry combined with maternal biomarkers. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2018;218(2S):S725–37.CrossRefPubMed

39.

Smith GCS. Developing novel tests to screen for fetal growth restriction. Trends Mol Med. 2021;27(8):743–52.CrossRefPubMed

40.

Korzeniewski SJ, Romero R, Chaiworapongsa T, Chaemsaithong P, Kim CJ, Kim YM, Kim JS, Yoon BH, Hassan SS, Yeo L. Maternal plasma angiogenic index-1 (placental growth factor/soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1) is a biomarker for the burden of placental lesions consistent with uteroplacental underperfusion: a longitudinal case-cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016;214(5):629-e1.CrossRef

41.

Teede HJ, Misso ML, Costello MF, Dokras A, Laven J, Moran L, Piltonen T, Norman RJ. Recommendations from the international evidence-based guideline for the assessment and management of polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod. 2018;33(9):1602–18.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

42.

Ganzevoort W, Thilaganathan B, Baschat A, Gordijn SJ. Fetal growth and risk assessment: is there an impasse? Point Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2019;220(1):74–82.CrossRefPubMed

43.

Johansson K, Granfors M, Petersson G, Bolk J, Altman M, Cnattingius S, Liu X, Sandström A, Stephansson O. The stockholm-gotland perinatal cohort-a population-based cohort including longitudinal data throughout pregnancy and the postpartum period. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2023;37(4):276–86.CrossRefPubMed

44.

Kvalvik LG, Wilcox AJ, Skjærven R, Østbye T, Harmon QE. Term complications and subsequent risk of preterm birth: a registry-based study. BMJ. 2020;369:m1007.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

45.

PubMed search on “small for gestational age and fetal growth restriction,” Accessed 29 Jul 2023.

Titel: On the study of fetal growth restriction: time to abandon SGA
verfasst von: Allen J. Wilcox
Jonathan M. Snowden
Kelly Ferguson
Jennifer Hutcheon
Olga Basso
Publikationsdatum: 02.03.2024
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Erschienen in: European Journal of Epidemiology / Ausgabe 3/2024
Print ISSN: 0393-2990
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-7284
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-024-01098-5

Live-Webinar "Urologie und Sexualmedizin in der Praxis"

Springer Medizin

On the study of fetal growth restriction: time to abandon SGA

Excerpt

Live-Webinar "Urologie und Sexualmedizin in der Praxis"

Springer Medizin

Excerpt

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 3/2024

Does having siblings really protect against childhood atopic diseases? A total population and within-family analysis

The pitfalls of focusing on cardiovascular disease mortality to explain differences in life expectancy

The public-health mindset

Re: The pitfalls of focusing on cardiovascular disease mortality to explain differences in life expectancy

Menopausal hormone therapy and risk of sarcoidosis: a population-based nested case–control study in Sweden

Meta-regression of genome-wide association studies to estimate age-varying genetic effects