Introduction
Objectives of study
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Evaluating about dietary habits in children and their mothers
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Evaluated nutritional status of stunted and wasted children and their mother
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Find out the prevalence of stunting and wasting volunteers
Limitation
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Signs and symptoms might be taking long time to develop, due which it become difficult to link it with diet and nutritional health status
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Many signs and symptoms are not specific for stunting and wasted
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Due to lack of skinfold caliper, during research I had made use of veriner caliper
Material and methods
Research design
Approach and informed consent
Demographics for selection of children
Biomarker of selected children
Study population
Study location
Sampling technique
Data collection and analysis
Permission
Selection procedure for volunteers
Ethical consideration
Sample size
Step 1. Base sample size calculation (n)
Step 2: Design effect (D)
Step 3: Contingency (Final Sample Size)
Anthropometrics and nutritional status assessment
Energetic of children
Dietary intakes assessment
Clinical assessment
Medical history
Research instruments
Delimitations and limitations
Results and discussion
Demographics of mothers
Nutritional status | Total | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stunted | Wasted | Stunted Wasted | Normal | |||
Nationality | Pakistani | 27.2% | 17.3% | 50.9% | 4.6% | 100.0% |
Age | 18–30 | 28.1% | 18.8% | 47.7% | 5.5% | 100.0% |
30–45 | 24.4% | 13.3% | 60.0% | 2.2% | 100.0% | |
Total | 27.2% | 17.3% | 50.9% | 4.6% | 100.0% | |
Type of residence | Rural | 21.7% | 18.5% | 57.6% | 2.2% | 100.0% |
Peri-urban | 38.5% | 23.1% | 38.5% | 0.0% | 100.0% | |
Urban | 32.4% | 14.7% | 44.1% | 8.8% | 100.0% | |
Total | 27.2% | 17.3% | 50.9% | 4.6% | 100.0% | |
Family system | Joint | 32.2% | 19.5% | 41.4% | 6.9% | 100.0% |
Nuclear | 22.1% | 15.1% | 60.5% | 2.3% | 100.0% | |
Total | 27.2% | 17.3% | 50.9% | 4.6% | 100.0% | |
Physical activity | Sedentary | 26.1% | 19.6% | 50.0% | 4.3% | 100.0% |
Light active | 27.6% | 16.5% | 51.2% | 4.7% | 100.0% | |
Total | 27.2% | 17.3% | 50.9% | 4.6% | 100.0% |
Biomarkers of children
Biomarkers | Groups | Value | P values |
---|---|---|---|
Hemoglobin | Normal | 12.59 ± 0.18A | 0** |
Stunted | 11.8 ± 0.21B | ||
Wasted | 10.85 ± 0.53C | ||
Stunted and Wasted | 9.88 ± 0.21D | ||
Hematocrit | Normal | 12.59 ± 0.18A | 0** |
Stunted | 11.8 ± 0.21B | ||
Wasted | 10.85 ± 0.53C | ||
Stunted and Wasted | 9.88 ± 0.21D | ||
Red Blood cells | Normal | 4.66 ± 0.34A | 0** |
Stunted | 3.88 ± 0.22B | ||
Wasted | 3.36 ± 0.15C | ||
Stunted and Wasted | 2.85 ± 0.16D | ||
Mean Corpuscular Volume | Normal | 4.66 ± 0.34A | 0** |
Stunted | 3.88 ± 0.22B | ||
Wasted | 3.36 ± 0.15C | ||
Stunted and Wasted | 2.85 ± 0.16D | ||
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin | Normal | 27.18 ± 0.82A | 0** |
Stunted | 25.21 ± 0.58B | ||
Wasted | 23.76 ± 1.11C | ||
Stunted and Wasted | 20.13 ± 0.82D | ||
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin concentration | Normal | 37.17 ± 2.37A | 0** |
Stunted | 30.33 ± 1.31B | ||
Wasted | 27.17 ± 1.15C | ||
Stunted and Wasted | 24.43 ± 1.34D | ||
White blood cells | Normal | 13.29 ± 0.2A | 0** |
Stunted | 12.5 ± 0.25B | ||
Wasted | 11.55 ± 0.55C | ||
Stunted and Wasted | 10.58 ± 0.2D | ||
Creatinine | Normal | 0.45 ± 0.03A | 0** |
Stunted | 0.4 ± 0.03B | ||
Wasted | 0.35 ± 0.03C | ||
Stunted and Wasted | 0.3 ± 0.03D | ||
Serum Albumin | Normal | 5.41 ± 0.32A | 0** |
Stunted | 5.05 ± 0.3B | ||
Wasted | 4.53 ± 0.32C | ||
Stunted and Wasted | 3.99 ± 0.32D | ||
Serum Globulin | Normal | 6.12 ± 0.26A | 0** |
Stunted | 5.61 ± 0.61A | ||
Wasted | 4.95 ± 0.75B | ||
Stunted and Wasted | 4.26 ± 0.76C | ||
Blood Urea Nitrogen | Normal | 12.75 ± 1.87A | 0.558NS |
Stunted | 13.6 ± 1.75A | ||
Wasted | 13.27 ± 1.71A | ||
Stunted and Wasted | 13.27 ± 1.77A |
Anthropometrics of children
Groups | Value | P values | |
---|---|---|---|
Pulse Rate | Normal | 63.6 ± 2.61A | 0.708NS |
Stunted | 62.63 ± 11.8A | ||
Wasted | 60.77 ± 4.02A | ||
Stunted and Wasted | 57.31 ± 4.54A | ||
Temperature | Normal | 98.58 ± 0.13A | 0.195NS |
Stunted | 98.38 ± 0.32AB | ||
Wasted | 98.28 ± 0.19AB | ||
Stunted and Wasted | 97.87 ± 0.42B | ||
Blood Oxygen Saturation | Normal | 98.25 ± 4.02A | 0.65 NS |
Stunted | 97.32 ± 1.99A | ||
Wasted | 95.34 ± 2.06A | ||
Stunted and Wasted | 94.76 ± 1.32A | ||
Height (cm) | Normal | 76.03 ± 1.41A | 0.001* |
Stunted | 72.75 ± 2.26AB | ||
Wasted | 72.5 ± 2.39AB | ||
Stunted and Wasted | 68.6 ± 0.98B | ||
Weight (kg) | Normal | 9.41 ± 0.37A | 0** |
Stunted | 9.13 ± 0.6A | ||
Wasted | 7.23 ± 0.38B | ||
Stunted and Wasted | 7.11 ± 0.22B | ||
Triceps (mm) | Normal | 8.22 ± 0.2A | 0** |
Stunted | 8.04 ± 0.58A | ||
Wasted | 6.32 ± 0.36B | ||
Stunted and Wasted | 6.05 ± 0.22B | ||
Biceps (mm) | Normal | 6.65 ± 0.26A | 0.884 NS |
Stunted | 6.56 ± 0.69A | ||
Wasted | 6.25 ± 0.9A | ||
Stunted and Wasted | 5.65 ± 0.3A | ||
Subscapular (mm) | Normal | 8.39 ± 0.21A | 0** |
Stunted | 8.3 ± 0.72A | ||
Wasted | 6.13 ± 0.34B | ||
Stunted and Wasted | 6.22 ± 0.21B | ||
Suprailiac (mm) | Normal | 43.63 ± 1.08A | 0.133NS |
Stunted | 41.57 ± 0.59B | ||
Wasted | 39.84 ± 0.76 BC | ||
Stunted and Wasted | 39.16 ± 0.38C |
Groups | Value | P values | |
---|---|---|---|
Waist Circumference (cm) | Normal | 43.18 ± 0.49A | 0.708NS |
Stunted | 42.25 ± 1.19AB | ||
Wasted | 39.5 ± 0.72 BC | ||
Stunted and Wasted | 39.26 ± 0.46C | ||
MUAC (cm) | Normal | 13.91 ± 0.3A | 0** |
Stunted | 13.74 ± 0.1A | ||
Wasted | 11.69 ± 0.19B | ||
Stunted and Wasted | 11.45 ± 0.12B | ||
Head Circumference (cm) | Normal | 44.5 ± 0.57AB | 0** |
Stunted | 44.27 ± 0.31A | ||
Wasted | 42.87 ± 0.4 BC | ||
Stunted and Wasted | 42.14 ± 0.28C | ||
Chest Circumferenc (cm) | Normal | 43.63 ± 1.08A | 0** |
Stunted | 41.57 ± 0.59B | ||
Wasted | 39.84 ± 0.76 BC | ||
Stunted and Wasted | 39.16 ± 0.38C | ||
Neck Circumference (cm) | Normal | 24.73 ± 0.29A | 0** |
Stunted | 23.86 ± 0.46AB | ||
Wasted | 23.17 ± 0.18B | ||
Stunted and Wasted | 21.4 ± 0.27C |
Anthropometric of mothers
Groups | Value | P values | |
---|---|---|---|
Pulse Rate | Normal | 96 ± 13.99A | 0.321 NS |
Stunted | 92.87 ± 13.8A | ||
Wasted | 90.26 ± 15A | ||
Stunted and Wasted | 88.68 ± 13.41A | ||
Temperature | Normal | 98.4 ± 0.77A | 0.166 NS |
Stunted | 98.3 ± 0.66A | ||
Wasted | 98.19 ± 0.33A | ||
Stunted and Wasted | 98.06 ± 0.18A | ||
Blood Oxygen Saturation | Normal | 97.79 ± 1.46A | 0.465 NS |
Stunted | 97.53 ± 1.3A | ||
Wasted | 97.4 ± 1.4A | ||
Stunted and Wasted | 97.13 ± 1.36A | ||
Height (cm) | Normal | 152.17 ± 5.24A | 0.692 NS |
Stunted | 151.27 ± 8.42A | ||
Wasted | 151.15 ± 6.05A | ||
Stunted and Wasted | 150.25 ± 6.16A | ||
Weight (kg) | Normal | 64.55 ± 8.31A | 0.395 NS |
Stunted | 61.67 ± 12.51A | ||
Wasted | 60.46 ± 11.48A | ||
Stunted and Wasted | 57.72 ± 13.04A | ||
Body Fat (%) | Normal | 34.39 ± 4.42A | 0.298 |
Stunted | 34.74 ± 4.96A | ||
Wasted | 35.75 ± 5.19A | ||
Stunted and Wasted | 37.38 ± 2.75A | ||
Body Water (%) | Normal | 44.66 ± 4.59A | 0.627 NS |
Stunted | 43.74 ± 4.76A | ||
Wasted | 43.65 ± 4.64A | ||
Stunted and Wasted | 42.54 ± 3.05A | ||
Muscle Mass (%) | Normal | 30.29 ± 1.88A | 0.815 NS |
Stunted | 31.57 ± 4.03A | ||
Wasted | 31.58 ± 2.84A | ||
Stunted and Wasted | 31.49 ± 3.65A | ||
Bone Mass (%) | Normal | 9.44 ± 0.41A | 0.487 NS |
Stunted | 9.33 ± 0.49A | ||
Wasted | 9.33 ± 0.44A | ||
Stunted and Wasted | 9.19 ± 0.62A |
Groups | Value | P values | |
---|---|---|---|
AMR | Normal | 1676.75 ± 150.9A | 0.379 NS |
Stunted | 1650.94 ± 190.3A | ||
Wasted | 1627.01 ± 188.2A | ||
Stunted and Wasted | 1579.93 ± 208.1A | ||
BMR | Normal | 1368.23 ± 1059A | 0.824 NS |
Stunted | 1317.75 ± 99.1A | ||
Wasted | 1267.62 ± 139.7A | ||
Stunted and Wasted | 1238.23 ± 163.5A | ||
Waist Circumference (cm) | Normal | 95.63 ± 6.16A | 0.786 NS |
Stunted | 91.87 ± 9.87A | ||
Wasted | 91.63 ± 12.87A | ||
Stunted and Wasted | 92.55 ± 10.09A | ||
MUAC (cm) | Normal | 27.35 ± 2.39A | 0.433NS |
Stunted | 26.08 ± 3.11A | ||
Wasted | 25.88 ± 3.04A | ||
Stunted and Wasted | 25.36 ± 3.58A | ||
Head Circumference (cm) | Normal | 53.07 ± 1.85A | 0.867 NS |
Stunted | 52.92 ± 2.09A | ||
Wasted | 52.92 ± 1.7A | ||
Stunted and Wasted | 52.5 ± 1.58A | ||
Chest Circumference (cm) | Normal | 89.88 ± 7.38A | 0.806NS |
Stunted | 87.65 ± 11.63A | ||
Wasted | 86.65 ± 9.67A | ||
Stunted and Wasted | 86.4 ± 11.35A | ||
Neck Circumference (cm) | Normal | 32.89 ± 4.96A | 0.261NS |
Stunted | 32.68 ± 1.98A | ||
Wasted | 32.16 ± 2.56A | ||
Stunted and Wasted | 31.55 ± 2.76A |
Food frequency questionnaire of children
Food group | Children (6–24) | Children (24–60) |
---|---|---|
Cereals | 2.1 ± 2.65B | 10.41 ± 6.45A |
Fruits | 2.74 ± 3.78B | 7.87 ± 14.47A |
Vegetable | 0.47 ± 0.85B | 1.18 ± 1.53A |
Meat | 0.66 ± 1.49B | 2.87 ± 2.78A |
Milk | 68.86 ± 35.26A | 53.61 ± 53.1A |
Fat & oil | 0.34 ± 1.37B | 3.13 ± 4.02A |
Junk/Snack | 4.78 ± 6.3B | 8.6 ± 7.42A |
Miscellaneous | 0.86 ± 2.29B | 6.73 ± 6.99A |
Water (L) | 0.73 ± 0.69B | 1.75 ± 0.71A |
Food frequency questionnaire of mothers
Food group | Groups | Value | P values |
---|---|---|---|
Cereals | Normal | 72.5 ± 2.44A | 0.494NS |
Stunted | 71 ± 2.2A | ||
Wasted | 64.27 ± 1.12A | ||
Stunted and Wasted | 63.13 ± 2.21A | ||
Fruits | Normal | 16.81 ± 1.69A | 0.483NS |
Stunted | 13.23 ± 1.71A | ||
Wasted | 12.37 ± 1.38A | ||
Stunted and Wasted | 9.5 ± 1.54A | ||
Vegetable | Normal | 24.67 ± 1.01A | 0.262NS |
Stunted | 20.26 ± 1.09AB | ||
Wasted | 18.56 ± 1.98AB | ||
Stunted and Wasted | 15.25 ± 1.76B | ||
Meat | Normal | 7.5 ± 1.43A | 0.823NS |
Stunted | 6.42 ± 1.09A | ||
Wasted | 6.23 ± 1.05A | ||
Stunted and Wasted | 5.73 ± 1.19A | ||
Milk | Normal | 12.77 ± 1.58A | 0.995NS |
Stunted | 10.69 ± 1.58AB | ||
Wasted | 9.13 ± 1.2AB | ||
Stunted and Wasted | 7.88 ± 1.49B | ||
Fat and oil | Normal | 12.75 ± 1.89B | 0.208NS |
Stunted | 17.27 ± 1.62AB | ||
Wasted | 17.69 ± 1.31AB | ||
Stunted and Wasted | 18.17 ± 1.19A | ||
Junk/ snack | Normal | 13.5 ± 1.43AB | 0.093NS |
Stunted | 18.71 ± 1.28B | ||
Wasted | 23.4 ± 1.89AB | ||
Stunted and Wasted | 26.98 ± 1.8A | ||
Miscellaneous food | Normal | 0.48 ± 0.01A | 0.372NS |
Stunted | 0.6 ± 0.29A | ||
Wasted | 0.87 ± 0.17A | ||
Stunted and Wasted | 1.75 ± 0.26A | ||
Water | Normal | 12.67 ± 1.24A | 0.325NS |
Stunted | 9.91 ± 1.03AB | ||
Wasted | 9.39 ± 1.25AB | ||
Stunted and Wasted | 7.19 ± 1.37B |