Introduction
Materials and methods
Methods
Eligibility criteria
Study designs
Patients
Information sources and search strategy
Database | Number | Search terms |
---|---|---|
Pubmed | S1 | ((breastfeeding[Title/Abstract]) OR (human milk[Title/Abstract]) OR (breast milk[Title/Abstract]) OR (mother milk[Title/Abstract]) OR (bank milk[Title/Abstract]) OR (donor milk[Title/Abstract])) AND ((SGA[Title/Abstract]) OR (small for gestational age[Title/Abstract]) OR (IUGR[Title/Abstract]) OR (intrauterine growth restriction[Title/Abstract])) |
S2 | Breastfeeding (Title) and small for gestational age (Title) | |
S3 | Breastfeeding (Title) and SGA (Title) | |
S4 | Breastfeeding (Title) and IUGR (title) | |
S5 | Breastfeeding (Title) and intrauterine growth restriction (Title) | |
S6 | Human Milk (Title) and SGA (Title) | |
S7 | Human Milk (Title) and small for gestational age (Title) | |
S8 | Human Milk (Title) and IUGR(Title) | |
S9 | Human Milk (Title) and intrauterine growth restriction (Title) | |
S10 | Donor milk (Title) and small for gestational age (Title) | |
S11 | Donor milk (Title) and SGA (Title) | |
S12 | Donor milk (Title) and IUGR (Title) | |
S13 | Donor milk (Title) and intrauterine growth restriction (Title) | |
S14 | Breast pump (all) and SGA (all) | |
S15 | Breast pump (all) and small for gestational age (all) | |
S16 | Breast pump (all) and intrauterine growth restriction (all) | |
S17 | Breast pump (all) and IUGR (all) | |
S18 | Bank milk (all) and SGA (all) | |
S19 | Bank milk (all) and small for gestational age (all) | |
Scopus | S20 | TITLE-ABS-KEY ( ( breastfeeding OR human AND milk OR donor AND milk OR bank AND milk OR mother AND milk OR breast AND milk ) AND ( SGA OR small AND for AND gestational AND age OR IUGR OR intrauterine AND growth AND restriction ) ) |
Selection process
Data collection process
Data items
Study risk of bias assessment
Certainty assessment
Results
Study selection
Study characteristics
Year | Author | Study design | Sample size | Mean (± SD) Birthweight | Milk | Comparison | Age range of outcome (years) | Conclusion | GRADE | Biases and confounding factors |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2015 | Gibertoni et al. [24] | Cohort study, prospective | 316 (54 SGA) | 1149.1 g (± 341.2) | HM | Human milk vs. mixed/exclusive formula feeding | 0–2 | Beneficial effect of breastfeeding for neurodevelopment at 24 months CA and reduced sepsis and MV incidence | LOW | Loss to follow-up (28.6%). Lack of information on duration and dosage of human milk feeding. Lack of information on timing of switching from human to formula feeding. Indirectness. |
2013 | Savchev et al. [25] | Cohort study, prospective | 223 (112 SGA) | 2416 g (± 280) | BF | Breastfed SGA vs. breastfed AGA | 0–2 | Term SGA newborns without signs of placental insufficiency, according to currently used UA Doppler criteria, had lower neurodevelopmental scores | VERY LOW | Differences in neurodevelopmental performance may be clinically irrelevant. Confounding factors (low socioeconomic status was more prevalent in the SGA group). |
2005 | Slykermann et al. [26] | Cohort study, prospective | 550 (223 SGA) | Not reported | BF | Breastfed SGA vs. non breastfed SGA | 3–5 | In the SGA group, breastfeeding was significantly related to IQ at 3.5 y. SGA children who were breastfed for at least 5 months, had the highest intelligence scores among all the groups. | HIGH | Lack of information about anthropometric parameters that could affect the outcome |
2002 | Rao et al. [27] | Cohort study, prospective | 568 (243 SGA) | BF < 12 wks = 2878 g (± 261) BF > 12 wks = 2866 g (± 222) | BF | Breastfeeding duration (12 vs. 24 weeks) | 0–5 | Significant impact of exclusive breastfeeding on cognitive development without compromising growth among children born SGA | LOW | Lack of information on indicators reflecting parenting attitudes, home environment and child rearing practices, maternal verbal IQ. Maternal education was not determined for women entered the study on the day of delivery. |
2021 | Santiago et al. [28] | Cohort study, prospective | 32 (20 SGA) | 2.370 g | BF | Breastfed SGA vs. breastfed AGA | 4–6 | In the SGA group, there was no relation between breastfeeding time and increased body fat in any of the analyses performed (BMI, CC, CP, and skinfolds). | VERY LOW | Small sample size due to drop-out. No control group (non-breastfed babies); no detailed analysis about the complementary-fed group. Lack of information about factors that could influence the outcome (e.g., familiar lifestyle or recurrence of metabolic disease). Reporting bias. Indirectness. |
2016 | Rodriguez- -Lopez et al. [29] | Cohort study, prospective | 202 (81 SGA) | 1.830 g | BF | Formula feeding vs. breastfeeding (< 1 mo vs. 1–6 mo vs. > 6 mo) | 4–5 | Positive association between LVSI and cIMT in SGA infants in the groups Breastfeeding > 6 mo | VERY LOW | Small sample size. Lack of information about possible maternal and family-related factors. One time point of BP ignores daily fluctuations. |
2022 | Vizzari et al. [30] | Cohort study, retrospective | 175 SGA | 1.770 g | HM | Human milk-fed SGA vs. complementary-fed SGA | 0–3 | Failure to administer human milk during hospitalization is a risk factor for absence of catch-up growth in both weight and length | LOW | Lack of body composition assessment and analysis of breastfeeding duration to evaluate a possible dose-dependent effect of human milk. Factors that could interfere with feeding decisions (jaundice, hypoglycaemia) were not considered. |
2009 | Fewtrell et al. [32] | RCT | 201 (34 SGA) | 1.369 g | HM | Human milk-fed SGA vs. formula-fed SGA | 0–20 | Subjects receiving > 90% human milk had significantly higher WBBA and BMC than those receiving < 10% | MODERATE | Information detrition due to long-term follow-up. Selection bias. Generalisability. |
2005 | Purvis et al. [31] | Case-control | 550 | Not reported | BF | Breastfed SGA vs. breastfed AGA | 0–4 | Breastfed SGA neonates had higher risk of developing Atopic Dermatitis than those non-Breastfed | LOW | Loss at follow-up. Selection bias. High socioeconomic status was prevalent. |
Risk of bias in studies
Results of individual studies and synthesis of results
Year | Author | Endpoint | Groups | Results |
---|---|---|---|---|
2015 | Gibertoni et al. [24] | Neurodevelopment: GQ evaluated using revised Griffiths Mental Development Scale 0–2 years | HMF vs. FF | Human milk Infants’ GQ higher than formula or mixed milk infants’ GQ (p = 0.05) |
2013 | Savchev et al. [25] | Neurodevelopment: Bayley-III Cognitive Index scores | BF SGA vs. BF AGA | - Cognitive domain scores: AGA > SGA (p = 0.027*) - Language domain scores: AGA > SGA (p = 0.025*); - Motor domain scores: AGA > SGA (p = 0.027*); - Socioemotional domain scores: AGA = SGA (p = 0.334); - Adaptive domain scores: AGA > SGA (p = 0.012*) |
2005 | Slykermann et al. [26] | Neurodevelopment: IQ scores using Raven’s Coloured Progressive Matrices | BF SGA vs. NBF SGA | Significant positive correlation between breastfeeding and IQ scores (p = 0.03*) |
2002 | Rao et al. [27] | Neurodevelopment: IQ scores using Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scales of Intelligence—Revised | BF duration (12 vs. 24 weeks) | Long-breastfed SGA’s IQ higher than non-long breastfed SGA’s IQ (p < 0.01*) |
2021 | Santiago et al. [28] | Cardiovascular risk: BMI, CC, CP, skinfolds; Triglycerides, Cholesterol, LDL, HDL, Glycemia, HOMA-IR, SBP, DBP | BF SGA vs. BF AGA | Non-significant difference at 4–6 years for anthropometric (BMI, CC, CP, and skinfolds) by duration of EBF in SGA group; Non-significant difference at 4–6 years in laboratory cardiometabolic parameters between EBF SGA and AGA. (Unreported p-value for BMI, CC, CP, and skinfolds; Triglycerides p = 0.921; Cholesterol p = 0.921; LDL p = 0.795; HDL p = 0.399; Glycemia p = 0.124; HOMA-IR p = 0.072; SBP p = 0.064; DBP p = 0.306) |
2016 | Rodriguez-Lopez et al. [29] | Cardiovascular risk: Left ventricular sphericity index (LVSI), carotid intima-media thickness (cMIT), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) | FF vs. BF (< 1 mo vs. 1–6 mo vs. > 6 mo) | Breastfeeding > 6 mo reduces LVSI and cIMT in SGA infants (p = 0.02*) No significant interaction could be observed for breastfeeding an BP (p = 0.22) |
2022 | Vizzari et al. [30] | Somatic growth: Catch up growth in weight and length for the first 3 years | HMF SGA vs. complementary-fed SGA | Failure to administer human milk during hospitalization is a risk factor for absence of catch-up growth in both weight and length (Absence of weight catch-up growth: OR (95% CI) = 0.59 (0.4–0.9) p = 0.011*; Absence of length catch-up growth: OR (95% CI) = 0.57 (0.33–0.99) p = 0.046*) |
2009 | Fewtrell et al. [32] | Bone mineralization: WBBA, WBBMC, LSBA, LSBMC measured using DXA | HMF SGA vs. FF SGA | HMF were higher by 5.7% for WBBA, 6% for WBBMC, 8.6% for LSBA and 7.7% for LSBMC (p = 0.05). No significant interaction between birthweight category and randomized diet group on later bone outcome |
2005 | Purvis et al. [31] | Atopy: Prevalence of AD at 3–5 years | Breastfed SGA vs. breastfed AGA | The prevalence was not significantly different between AGA and SGA infants (p = 0.52) |