Introduction
Materials and methods
Subjects and setting
Data collection
Statistical analysis
Results
Characteristics | N (%) |
---|---|
Gender | N = 85 |
Male | 44 (51.8%) |
Female | 41 (48.2%) |
Age group | |
10 years | 3 (3.5%) |
11 years | 20 (23.5%) |
12 years | 34 (40.0%) |
13 years | 20 (23.5%) |
14 years | 8 (9.5%) |
DMFT Score, median[IQR] | 1.00 [0.00, 4.00] |
dmft Score, median[IQR] | 0.00 [0.00, 0.00] |
Treatment need (AC) | |
1 | 10 (11.8%) |
2 | 17 (20.0%) |
3 | 20 (23.5%) |
4 | 18 (21.2%) |
5 | 3 (3.5%) |
6 | 3 (3.5%) |
7 | 2 (2.4%) |
8 | 9 (10.6%) |
9 | 3 (3.5%) |
Treatment need (DHC) | |
4.h | 8 (9.4%) |
4.a | 21 (24.7%) |
4.c | 2 (2.4%) |
4.l, | 2 (2.4%) |
4.d | 22 (25.9%) |
4.f | 3 (3.5%) |
4.t | 1 (1.2%) |
5.i | 18 (21.2%) |
5.h | 2 (2.4%) |
5.a | 6 (7.1%) |
Baseline data
CPQ total | Oral symptoms | Functional limitations | Social well-being | Emotional well-being | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All, mean (± SD) | 17.65 (± 11.06) | 4.66 (± 2.70) | 4.02 (± 3.89) | 3.99 (± 4.07) | 4.98 (± 4.60) | |
Gender | ||||||
Male, mean(± SD); median[IQR] | 17.05 (± 10.48); 16.50 [9.00, 24.25] | 4.57 (± 2.90); 4.50 [1.75, 6.25] | 4.39 (± 3.60); 4.00 [2.00, 7.00] | 3.82 (± 3.79); 3.00 [1.00, 5.25] | 4.27 (± 3.93); 3.00 [1.75, 6.00] | |
Female, mean(± SD); median[IQR] | 18.29 (± 11.74); 16.00 [8.00, 27.00] | 4.76 (± 2.49); 5.00 [3.00, 6.00] | 3.63 (± 4.19); 3.00 [1.00, 5.00] | 4.17 (± 4.39); 3.00 [2.00, 5.00] | 5.73 (± 5.17); 5.00 [2.00, 9.00] | |
p-value | 0.771 | 0.884 | 0.183 | 0.733 | 0.217 | |
Age | ||||||
10 years, mean(± SD); median[IQR] | 14.00 (± 7.55); 13.00 [10.00, 17.50] | 3.33 (± 1.53); 3.00 [2.50, 4.00] | 1.33 (± 1.15); 2.00 [1.00, 2.00] | 4.00 (± 3.46); 2.00 [2.00, 5.00] | 5.33 (± 5.03); 6.00 [3.00, 8.00] | |
11 years, mean(± SD); median[IQR] | 17.10 (± 9.35); 16.00 [10.75, 22.25] | 4.55 (± 2.61); 4.00 [2.75, 6.00] | 4.10 (± 4.27); 3.00 [1.00, 6.25] | 4.20 (± 4.32); 2.50 [1.00, 5.25] | 4.25 (± 3.78); 4.00 [1.00, 6.00] | |
12 years, mean(± SD); median[IQR] | 17.56 (± 11.57); 16.50 [8.00, 26.75] | 4.79 (± 2.73); 5.00 [3.00, 6.00] | 4.41 (± 4.26); 4.00 [2.00, 5.75] | 3.82 (± 4.36); 3.00 [1.00, 5.00] | 4.53 (± 4.25); 3.00 [1.25, 6.00] | |
13 years, mean(± SD); median[IQR] | 16.90 (± 11.97); 14.50 [5.00, 25.50] | 4.20 (± 286); 4.00 [1.00, 6.25] | 3.40 (± 2.76); 3.50 [1.00, 5.25] | 4.00 (± 4.04); 3.00 [0.75, 6.50] | 5.30 (± 5.17); 3.50 [1.75, 8.00] | |
14 years, mean(± SD); median[IQR] | 22.62 (± 12.52); 21.50 [15.00, 27.50] | 6.00 (± 2.73); 5.50 [4.75, 7.25] | 4.75 (± 4.50); 5.50 [0.00, 8.00] | 4.12 (± 3.27); 3.00 [2.75, 4.00] | 7.75 (± 6.23); 6.50 [4.50, 8.25] | |
p-value | 0.764 | 0.516 | 0.551 | 0.968 | 0.513 | |
IOTN | ||||||
DHC 4, mean(± SD); median[IQR] | 15.54 (± 9.15); 15.00 [8.00, 20.50] | 4.44 (± 2.51); 4.00 [2.50, 6.00] | 3.51 (± 2.94); 3.00 [1.00, 6.00] | 3.39 (± 3.54); 2.00 [1.50, 4.00] | 4.20 (± 3.69); 3.00 [1.50, 6.00] | |
DHC 5, mean(± SD); median[IQR] | 22.42 (± 13.50); 22.50 [12.25, 32.25] | 5.15 (± 3.08); 5.00 [3.00, 6.00] | 5.19 (± 5.36); 3.50 [2.00, 6.75] | 5.35 (± 4.89); 5.00 [1.00, 8.50] | 6.73 (± 5.92); 6.00 [2.00, 10.00] | |
p-value | 0.032* | 0.379 | 0.215 | 0.098 | 0.079 | |
AC 1–4, mean(± SD); median[IQR] | 17.17(± 10.87); 16.00 [8.00, 26.00] | 4.78 (± 2.86); 5.00 [3.00, 6.00] | 3.98 (± 3.82); 3.00 [1.00, 6.00] | 3.57 (± 3.57); 3.00 [1.00, 5.00] | 4.83 (± 4.67); 4.00 [1.00, 7.00] | |
AC 5–7, mean(± SD); median[IQR] | 17.88 (± 10.05); 19.50 [10.50, 23.75] | 4.12 (± 2.10); 4.50 [2.75, 6.00] | 4.50 (± 5.48); 3.00 [1.00, 5.25] | 4.75 (± 4.06); 3.50 [1.75, 8.25] | 4.50 (± 4.78); 2.50 [1.50, 7.00] | |
AC 8–10, mean(± SD); median[IQR] | 20.08 (± 13.20); 18.00 [10.00, 26.25] | 4.33 (± 2.19); 4.50 [2.75, 6.00] | 3.92 (± 3.40); 2.00 [2.00, 6.25] | 5.75 (± 6.08); 4.50 [2.00, 6.50] | 6.08 (± 4.32); 5.50 [3.00, 7.75] | |
p-value | 0.804 | 0.867 | 0.979 | 0.415 | 0.470 | |
DMFT | ||||||
0, mean(± SD); median[IQR] | 18.32 (± 12.21); 17.00 [7.50, 27.50] | 4.61 (± 2.82); 5.00 [2.50, 6.00] | 4.16 (± 2.95); 4.00 [1.50, 7.00] | 4.48 (± 4.58); 3.00 [1.50, 6.00] | 5.06 (± 5.27); 3.00 [1.00, 7.00] | |
> 0, mean(± SD); median[IQR] | 17.26 (± 10.44); 16.00 [9.00, 23.75] | 4.69 (± 2.65); 4.50 [3.00, 6.00] | 3.94 (± 4.37); 3.00 [1.00, 5.75] | 3.70 (± 3.76); 3.00 [1.00, 5.00] | 4.93 (± 4.22); 4.50 [2.00, 6.75] | |
p-value | 0.841 | 0.927 | 0.286 | 0.501 | 0.794 |
Changes of OHRQoL during orthodontic treatment
CPQ total | Oral symptoms | Functional limitations | Social well-being | Emotional well-being | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before treatment/ baseline (T0), mean(± SD); median[IQR] | 17.65 (± 11.06); 16.00 [8.00, 26.00] | 4.66 (± 2.70); 5.00 [3.00, 6.00] | 4.02 (± 3.89); 3.00 [1.00, 6.00] | 3.99 (± 4.07); 3.00 [1.00, 5.00] | 4.89 (± 4.60); 4.00 [2.00, 7.00] |
After 1 month (T1), mean(± SD); median[IQR] | 19.59 (± 12.76): 18.00 [10.00, 27.00] | 6.18 (± 3.22); 6.00 [4.00, 9.00] | 6.87 (± 5.71); 6.00 [3.00, 10.00] | 3.39 (± 3.53); 2.00 [0.00, 6.00] | 3.15 (± 3.70); 2.00 [0.00, 4.00] |
After 6 months (T2), mean(± SD); median[IQR] | 17.99 (± 12.54); 16.00 [9.00, 24.00] | 5.87 (± 3.18); 6.00 [3.00, 8.00] | 5.95 (± 5.32); 5.00 [2.00, 8.00] | 3.16 (± 3.97); 2.00 [0.00, 5.00] | 3.35 (± 4.54); 2.00 [0.00, 5.00] |
p-value | 0.608 | 0.007* | 0.001* | 0.164 | 0.002* |
Change versus baseline after 1 month, mean(± SD); median[IQR]; p-value | 1.94 (± 11.68); 2.00 [-5.00, 10.00]; ns | 1.52 (± 3.18); 2.00 [0.00, 3.00]; < 0.001* | 2.85 (± 5.26); 2.00 [-1.00, 6.00]; 0.001* | -0.60 (± 3.83); 0.00 [-2.00, 1.00]; ns | -1.82 (± 3.58); -1.00 [-4.00, 0.00]; 0.002* |
Change versus baseline after 6 months, mean(± SD); median[IQR]; p-value | 0.34 (± 10.60); 0.00 [-6.00, 8.00]; ns | 1.21 (± 3.25); 1.00 [-1.00, 3.00]; 0.008* | 1.93 (± 4.53); 1.00 [-1.00, 4.00]; 0.054 | -0.82 (± 4.03); 0.00 [-2.00, 1.00]; ns | -1.62 (± 4.16); -2.00 [-4.00, 0.00]; 0.002* |
Before treatment (T0) | After 1 month (T1) | After 6 months (T2) | Change versus baseline after 1 month | Change versus baseline after 6 months | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
DHC 4 (n = 59), mean (± SD); median[IQR] | 15.54 (± 9.15) 15.00 [8.00, 20.50] | 17.86 (± 10.78) 16.00 [10.00, 25.00] | 15.78 (± 10.87) 13.00 [8.00, 21.50] | 2.32 (± 11.21) 2.00 [-3.00, 9.50] | 0.24 (± 9.99) 0.00 [-5.00, 5.00] |
DHC 5 (n = 26), mean (± SD); median[IQR] | 22.42(± 13.50) 22.50 [12.25, 32.25] | 23.50 (± 15.95) 23.50 [10.25, 33.75] | 23.00 (± 14.70) 17.50 [12.00, 32.75] | 1.08 (± 12.86) 0.50 [-7.75, 8.75] | 0.58 (± 12.08) 5.00 [-8.75, 10.00] |
p-value | 0.032* | 0.186 | 0.035* | 0.333 | 0.616 |
Girls (n = 41), mean (± SD); median[IQR] | 18.29 (± 11.74); 16.00 [8.00, 27.00] | 19.56 (± 13.84) 17.00 [10.00, 28.00] | 17.41 (± 13.33) 15.00 [7.00, 22.00] | 1.27 (± 11.48) 2.00 [-4.00, 10.00] | -0.88 (± 11.89) -2.00 [-9.00, 5.00] |
Boys (n = 44), mean (± SD); median[IQR] | 17.05 (± 10.48) 16.50 [9.00, 24.25] | 19.61 (± 11.81) 18.50 [10.00, 26.25] | 18.52 (± 11.88) 16.00 [10.00, 25.25] | 2.57 (± 11.95) 1.00 [-6.25, 9.25] | 1.48 (± 9.23) 4.00 [-4.25, 8.00] |
p-value | 0.771 | 0.735 | 0.487 | 0.912 | 0.194 |
DHC 4a (n = 21) | DHC 4d (n = 22) | DHC 5i (n = 18) | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Before treatment/ baseline (T0), mean(± SD); median[IQR] | 14.76 (± 10.33) 12.00 [7.00, 22.00] | 16.77 (± 9.02) 15.50 [10.25, 21.25] | 26.17 (± 12.79) 24.50 [16.25, 36.75] | 0.008* |
After 1 month (T1), mean(± SD); median[IQR] | 15.24 (± 8.38) 15.00 [9.00, 22.00] | 19.09 (± 9.85) 18.50 [10.00, 26.75] | 26.33 (± 16.30) 24.00 [13.00, 37.25] | 0.060 |
After 6 months (T2), mean(± SD); median[IQR] | 14.71 (± 11.11) 12.00 [8.00, 18.00] | 16.95 (± 11.02) 13.50 [10.25, 24.75] | 24.50 (± 15.76) 19.50 [12.00, 32.75] | 0.104 |
Change versus baseline after 1 month, mean(± SD); median[IQR] | 0.48 (± 11.49) 2.00 [-4.00, 5.00] | 2.32 (± 10.49) 4.00 [-3.25, 9.75] | 0.17 (± 14.66) -1.50 [-8.00, 8.75] | 0.530 |
Change versus baseline after 6 months, mean(± SD); median[IQR] | -0.05 (± 12.36) 2.00 [-4.00, 5.00] | 0.18 (± 9.14) -2.00 [-5.00, 7.75] | -1.67 (± 13.00) -3.50 [-10.75, 8.75] | 0.914 |
After 1 month (T0-T1) | After 6 months (T0-T2) | |
---|---|---|
Overall CPQ, Cohen’s d [95%CI] | -0.2 [-0.5; 0.1] | 0.0 [-0.3; 0.3] |
Oral symptoms, Cohen’s d [95%CI] | -0.5 [-0.8; -0.2] | -0.4 [-0.7; -0.1] |
Functional limitations, Cohen’s d [95%CI] | -0.6 [-0.9; 0.3] | -0.4 [-0.7; -0.1] |
Social well-being, Cohen’s d [95%CI] | 0.2 [-0.1; 0.5] | 0.2 [-0.1; 0.5] |
Emotional well-being, Cohen’s d [95%CI] | 0.4 [0.1; 0.7] | 0.3 [0.1; 0.7] |
Estimate | Standard Error | CI95% | P- value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
CPQ total | ||||
Age | -0.06 | 1.43 | -2.86; 2.73 | 0.966 |
Sex (Male) | 1.31 | 2.73 | -4.05; 6.67 | 0.633 |
IOTN AC | 0.16 | 0.63 | -1.08; 1.40 | 0.800 |
IOTN DHC 5 | 7.35 | 2.95 | 1.57; 13.13 | 0.015* |
DMFT equal 0 | 0.43 | 2.83 | -5.12; 5.98 | 0.879 |
Oral symptoms | ||||
Age | 0.26 | 0.37 | -0.47; 0.98 | 0.494 |
Sex (Male) | 0.66 | 0.71 | -0.74; 2.06 | 0.358 |
IOTN AC | 0.02 | 0.16 | -0.30; 0.34 | 0.903 |
IOTN DHC 5 | 0.61 | 0.77 | -0.90; 2.11 | 0.433 |
DMFT equal 0 | 0.10 | 0.74 | -1.35; 1.55 | 0.891 |
Functional limitations | ||||
Age | -0.71 | 0.62 | -1.93; 0.50 | 0.254 |
Sex (Male) | 0.43 | 1.19 | -1.89; 2.75 | 0.717 |
IOTN AC | -0.21 | 0.27 | -0.74; 0.33 | 0.450 |
IOTN DHC 5 | 1.06 | 1.82 | -1.44; 3.57 | 0.408 |
DMFT equal 0 | -0.46 | 1.23 | -2.86; 1.95 | 0.712 |
Social well-being | ||||
Age | -0.04 | 0.45 | -0.92; 0.83 | 0.925 |
Sex (Male) | 0.49 | 0.86 | -1.19; 2.17 | 0.567 |
IOTN AC | 0.19 | 0.20 | -0.20; 0.57 | 0.349 |
IOTN DHC 5 | 2.54 | 0.92 | 0.73; 4.35 | 0.007* |
DMFT equal 0 | 0.23 | 0.89 | -1.51; 1.97 | 0.800 |
Emotional well-being | ||||
Age | 0.40 | 0.51 | -0.60; 1.39 | 0.426 |
Sex (Male) | -0.02 | 0.97 | -1.93; 1.87 | 0.977 |
IOTN AC | 0.20 | 0.22 | -0.23; 0.64 | 0.365 |
IOTN DHC 5 | 3.21 | 1.04 | 1.17; 5.26 | 0.003* |
DMFT equal 0 | 0.49 | 1.01 | -1.48; 2.45 | 0.627 |