Background
Hypothesis development
Methods
Setting
Participants
Questionnaire development procedures
Variables
Questionnaire
Ethics
Statistical methods
Results
Participants
Descriptive data
Item wording | Valid sample | ICC | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | 95% CI Lower | 95% CI Upper | ||
1. Looking forward to going to my school | 6164 | 98.70 | 0.019** | 0.008 | 0.067 |
2. Getting along well with friends of the same gender | 6200 | 99.28 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.008 |
3. Getting along well with friends of the opposite gender | 6192 | 99.15 | 0.010** | 0.004 | 0.040 |
4. Being liked by other students | 6174 | 98.86 | 0.017** | 0.007 | 0.063 |
5. School teachers approve of my efforts | 6182 | 98.99 | 0.009** | 0.003 | 0.035 |
6. Being happy when talking to school teachers | 6188 | 99.09 | 0.013** | 0.005 | 0.047 |
7. Believing one’s efforts will be rewarded | 6232 | 99.79 | 0.005** | 0.001 | 0.022 |
8. Being proud of oneself | 6228 | 99.73 | 0.006** | 0.002 | 0.023 |
9. Being helpful to others | 6207 | 99.39 | 0.011** | 0.004 | 0.043 |
10. Being secured and comfortable when staying at home | 6227 | 99.71 | 0.002 | 0.000 | 0.011 |
11. Being loved by one’s family | 6212 | 99.47 | 0.003* | 0.001 | 0.016 |
12. Having anxieties/worries | 6223 | 99.65 | 0.024** | 0.010 | 0.083 |
13. Being lonely | 6211 | 99.46 | 0.010** | 0.004 | 0.038 |
14. Being irritated easily compared with classmates | 6188 | 99.09 | 0.005** | 0.001 | 0.020 |
15. Being pessimistic compared with classmates | 6184 | 99.02 | 0.002 | 0.000 | 0.010 |
16. Falling asleep during the daytime | 6211 | 99.46 | 0.003* | 0.001 | 0.015 |
17. Getting tired easily | 6208 | 99.41 | 0.005** | 0.001 | 0.020 |
18. Having no appetite | 6207 | 99.39 | 0.004** | 0.001 | 0.019 |
Persons I talk to when sharing my experiences and thoughts with | |||||
a. Mother | 6179 | 98.94 | 0.015** | 0.006 | 0.055 |
b. Father | 6136 | 98.25 | 0.006** | 0.002 | 0.023 |
c. Siblings | 6142 | 98.35 | 0.007** | 0.002 | 0.029 |
d. Other family members/relatives | 6172 | 98.83 | 0.013** | 0.005 | 0.047 |
e. School teachers | 6187 | 99.07 | 0.019** | 0.008 | 0.069 |
f. Instructors of extracurricular activities | 6185 | 99.04 | 0.004** | 0.001 | 0.018 |
g. A school counselor | 6162 | 98.67 | 0.000 | −0.001 | 0.005 |
h. Friends | 6192 | 99.15 | 0.011** | 0.004 | 0.041 |
j. Acquaintances via social media | 6186 | 99.06 | 0.002 | 0.000 | 0.012 |
Response characteristics
Item | Valid response (n) | Response alternatives (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Strongly agree | Agree | Disagree | Strongly disagree | ||
1. Looking forward to going to my school | 6164 | 32.15 | 45.28 | 16.86 | 5.71 |
Very much | A little bit | Not at all | |||
2. Getting along well with friends of the same gender | 6200 | 84.44 | 15.68 | 1.89 | |
3. Getting along well with friends of the opposite gender | 6192 | 29.62 | 44.99 | 25.39 | |
4. Being liked by other students | 6174 | 21.72 | 60.95 | 17.33 | |
5. School teachers approve of my efforts | 6182 | 30.25 | 54.35 | 15.40 | |
6. Being happy when talking to school teachers | 6188 | 26.76 | 48.04 | 25.19 | |
7. Believing one’s efforts will be rewarded | 6232 | 65.07 | 28.82 | 6.11 | |
8. Being proud of oneself | 6228 | 23.60 | 47.59 | 28.81 | |
9. Being helpful to others | 6207 | 26.24 | 53.05 | 20.70 | |
10. Being secured and comfortable when staying at home | 6227 | 74.67 | 20.91 | 4.42 | |
11. Being loved by one’s family | 6212 | 59.29 | 34.35 | 6.36 | |
A lot | A little bit | Not at all | |||
12. Having anxieties/worries | 6223 | 34.20 | 42.15 | 23.65 | |
13. Being lonely | 6211 | 15.71 | 31.87 | 52.71 | |
Very much | No difference | Not at all | |||
14. Being irritated easily compared with classmates | 6188 | 13.61 | 51.03 | 35.36 | |
15. Being pessimistic compared with classmates | 6184 | 13.79 | 38.29 | 47.91 | |
Frequently | Sometimes | Not at all | |||
16. Falling asleep during the daytime | 6211 | 16.00 | 43.60 | 40.40 | |
17. Getting tired easily | 6208 | 46.86 | 42.17 | 10.97 | |
18. Having no appetite | 6207 | 18.33 | 35.07 | 46.59 | |
Persons I talk to when sharing my experiences and thoughts with | Frequently | Sometimes | Rarely | No one such person | |
a. Mother | 6179 | 61.40 | 28.58 | 9.06 | 0.95 |
b. Father | 6136 | 27.59 | 38.85 | 25.73 | 7.82 |
c. Siblings | 6142 | 31.11 | 26.49 | 30.35 | 12.05 |
d. Other family members/relatives | 6172 | 16.67 | 36.96 | 41.87 | 4.50 |
e. School teachers | 6187 | 14.16 | 41.05 | 43.74 | 1.05 |
f. Instructors of extracurricular activities | 6185 | 15.10 | 23.19 | 37.30 | 24.41 |
g. A school counselor | 6162 | 1.04 | 5.05 | 57.24 | 36.68 |
h. Friends | 6192 | 65.12 | 24.55 | 9.56 | 0.78 |
j. Acquaintances via social media | 6186 | 3.86 | 5.85 | 22.15 | 68.14 |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1 | 0.301* | 0.258* | 0.345* | 0.355* | 0.404* | 0.383* | 0.367* | 0.376* | 0.224* | 0.272* | −0.176* | −0.241* | −0.072* | −0.005 | −0.127* | −0.177* | −0.163* |
2 | 1 | 0.228* | 0.330* | 0.237* | 0.180* | 0.220* | 0.219* | 0.234* | 0.169* | 0.189* | −0.099* | −0.195* | −0.047* | −0.030 | −0.038* | −0.055* | −0.028 | |
3 | 1 | 0.303* | 0.269* | 0.272* | 0.136* | 0.226* | 0.239* | 0.070* | 0.125* | −0.040* | −0.061* | 0.020 | 0.036* | 0.027 | −0.015 | −0.004* | ||
4 | 1 | 0.511* | 0.333* | 0.267* | 0.429* | 0.458* | 0.219* | 0.334* | −0.164* | −0.232* | −0.129* | −0.058* | −0.078* | −0.132* | −0.095* | |||
5 | 1 | 0.552* | 0.322* | 0.435* | 0.491* | 0.242* | 0.387* | −0.107* | −0.177 | −0.077* | −0.011* | −0.093* | −0.127* | −0.120* | ||||
6 | 1 | 0.328* | 0.315* | 0.364* | 0.240* | 0.317* | −0.025 | −0.088* | −0.038* | 0.060* | −0.077* | −0.077* | −0.104* | |||||
7 | 1 | 0.425* | 0.395* | 0.333* | 0.335* | −0.055* | −0.135* | −0.047* | 0.026 | −0.072* | −0.094* | −0.085* | ||||||
8 | 1 | 0.609* | 0.271* | 0.362* | −0.201* | −0.205* | −0.052* | −0.036* | −0.064* | −0.174* | −0.133* | |||||||
9 | 1 | 0.317* | 0.459* | −0.135* | −0.184* | −0.084* | −0.028 | −0.085* | −0.156* | −0.116* | ||||||||
10 | 1 | 0.507* | −0.053* | −0.158* | −0.090* | −0.025 | −0.060* | −0.080* | −0.081* | |||||||||
11 | 1 | −0.104* | −0.208* | −0.116* | −0.039* | −0.094* | −0.137* | −0.106* | ||||||||||
12 | 1 | 0.557* | 0.123* | 0.145* | 0.108* | 0.127* | 0.061* | |||||||||||
13 | 1 | 0.140* | 0.129* | 0.071* | 0.096* | 0.044* | ||||||||||||
14 | 1 | 0.137* | 0.107* | 0.181* | 0.155* | |||||||||||||
15 | 1 | 0.133* | 0.235* | 0.141* | ||||||||||||||
16 | 1 | 0.318* | 0.171* | |||||||||||||||
17 | 1 | 0.235* | ||||||||||||||||
18 | 1 |
a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | j | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a. Mother | 1 | 0.439* | 0.367* | 0.346* | 0.329* | 0.161* | −0.095* | 0.340* | −0.187* |
b. Father | 1 | 0.369* | 0.357* | 0.329* | 0.210* | −0.051* | 0.252* | −0.128* | |
c. Siblings | 1 | 0.343* | 0.380* | 0.266* | −0.039* | 0.306* | −0.094* | ||
d. Other family members/relatives | 1 | 0.322* | 0.174* | −0.040* | 0.287* | −0.079* | |||
e. School teachers | 1 | 0.317* | −0.050* | 0.365* | −0.075* | ||||
f. Instructors of extracurricular activities | 1 | 0.190* | 0.219* | 0.027* | |||||
g. A school counselor | 1 | −0.095* | 0.215* | ||||||
h. Friends | 1 | −0.188* | |||||||
j. Acquaintances via social media | 1 |
Examining the second-order structure
Item/correlation | Factor loadings | ||
---|---|---|---|
Estimate | SE | Estimate/SE | |
12. Having anxieties/worries | 0.882* | 0.013 | 62.119 |
13. Being lonely | 0.828* | 0.014 | 60.596 |
14. Being irritated easily compared with classmates | 0.338* | 0.015 | 22.290 |
15. Being pessimistic compared with classmates | 0.335* | 0.015 | 21.788 |
16. Falling asleep during the daytime | 0.485* | 0.017 | 28.413 |
17. Getting tired easily | 0.832* | 0.021 | 39.622 |
18. Having no appetite | 0.423* | 0.017 | 24.606 |
Path coefficient values from subjective health status to the two components | |||
Mental health component (items 12–15) | 0.840 | 0.029 | 29.271 |
Physical health component (items 16–18) | 0.585 | 0.019 | 31.004 |