Background
Study design and participants
Data collection
Anthropometric measurements
Questionnaires
Statistical analysis
Results
Infant/Child Characteristics | Prevalence (n (%)) | |
Sex (n = 150) | Female | 80 (53.3%) |
Male | 70 (46.7%) | |
Birthweight (n = 144) | < 2500 g | 2 (1.4%) |
≥ 2500 ≤ 4000 g | 117 (81.2%) | |
> 4000 g | 25 (17.4%) | |
Breastfeeding Initiation (n = 150) | Yes | 103 (68.7%) |
No | 47 (31.3%) | |
Breastfeeding Duration (n = 31) | < 2 months | 5 (16.1%) |
> 2 months and < 6 months | 10 (32.3%) | |
> 6 months | 16 (51.6%) | |
Bottle feeding Initiationa(n = 67) | Yes | 56 (83.6%) |
No | 11 (16.4%) | |
Maternal Age (n = 136) | < 20 years | 19 (14.0%) |
20-35 years | 105 (77.2%) | |
> 35 years | 12 (8.8%) | |
Paternal Age (n = 115) | < 20 years | 10 (8.7%) |
20-35 years | 84 (73.0%) | |
> 35 years | 21 (18.3%) | |
Maternal Employment (n = 125) | Employed or on social assistance | 17 (13.6) |
Unemployed | 108 (86.4%) | |
Paternal Employment (n = 112) | Employed or on social assistance | 44 (39.3%) |
Unemployed | 68 (60.7%) | |
Cigarette Smoking at home (n = 68) | Yes | 58 (85.3%) |
No | 10 (14.7%) | |
Child’s Birthplace (n = 149) | Sandy Lake | 3 (2%) |
Sioux Lookout | 69 (46.3%) | |
Thunder Bay | 7 (4.7%) | |
Winnipeg | 67 (45%) | |
Other | 3 (2%) | |
Maternal Exposure | Prevalence (n (%)) | |
Anemia during pregnancy (n = 144) | Yes | 36 (25.0%) |
No | 97 (67.4%) | |
Unknown | 11 (7.6%) | |
High Blood Pressure during pregnancy (n = 146) | Yes | 15 (10.3%) |
No | 123 (84.2%) | |
Unknown | 8 (5.5%) | |
Gestational Diabetes (n = 147) | Yes | 31 (21.1%) |
No | 116 (78.9%) | |
Supplements during pregnancy (n = 150) | Yes | 135 (90.0%) |
No | 15 (10.0%) | |
Unprescribed Meds during pregnancy (n = 144) | Yes | 42 (29.2%) |
No | 102 (70.8%) | |
Cigarette Smoking during pregnancy (n = 144) | Yes | 95 (66.0%) |
No | 49 (34.0%) | |
Alcohol during pregnancy (n = 142) | Yes | 11 (7.7%) |
No | 131 (92.3%) | |
Caregiver BMI (n = 70) | Overweight/Obese | 52 (74.3%) |
Target | 18 (25.7%) |
Dependent: Gestational Diabetes (GDM) | No GDM | GDM | OR (univariable) | OR (multivariable) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maternal Age | Mean (SD) | 24.9 (5.6) | 31.0 (7.0) | 1.17 (1.10–1.27) | 1.19 (1.07–1.35) |
Pregnancy Weight Gain | Less than 10% gain | 52 (71.2) | 21 (28.8) | - | - |
More than 10% gain | 56 (81.2) | 13 (18.8) | 0.57 (0.26–1.25) | 0.81 (0.19–3.37) | |
Sex | Boys | 52 (74.3) | 18 (25.7) | - | - |
Girls | 67 (79.8) | 17 (20.2) | 0.73 (0.34–1.56) | 2.11 (0.49–10.57) | |
Cigarette Smoking during Pregnancy | Non-smoker | 44 (81.5) | 10 (18.5) | - | - |
Smoker | 69 (73.4) | 25 (26.6) | 1.59 (0.71–3.78) | 0.92 (0.21–4.44) | |
Parity | Only Child | 14 (73.7) | 5 (26.3) | - | - |
Other Children | 36 (75.0) | 12 (25.0) | 0.93 (0.29–3.37) | 0.69 (0.10–4.57) |
Dependent: Birthweight | Birthweight < 4000 g and > 2500 g | High Birthweight (> 4000 g) | OR (univariable) | OR (multivariable) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maternal Age | Mean (SD) | 26.0 (6.3) | 25.9 (6.8) | 1.00 (0.93–1.07) | 0.99 (0.91–1.07) |
Sex | Boys | 58 (84.1) | 11 (15.9) | - | - |
Girls | 62 (84.1) | 16 (20.5) | 1.36 (0.59–3.25) | 1.43 (0.51–4.20) | |
GDM | No GDM | 95 (84.1) | 18 (15.9) | - | - |
GDM | 23 (71.9) | 9 (28.1) | 2.07 (0.80–5.12) | 2.89 (0.84–9.94) | |
Cigarettes during pregnancy | Non-smoker | 37 (74.0) | 13 (26.0) | - | - |
Smoker | 80 (87.0) | 12 (13.0) | 0.43 (0.18–1.03) | 0.49 (0.17–1.40) | |
Pregnancy weight change | Less than 10% change | 60 (83.3) | 12 (16.7) | - | - |
More than 10% weight gain | 52 (80.0) | 13 (20.0) | 1.25 (0.52–3.01) | 1.63 (0.57–4.93) |
Dependent: Rapid Weight Gain | No RWG | RWG > 0.67 SD | OR (univariable) | OR (multivariable) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maternal Age | Mean (SD) | 26.7 (6.5) | 24.9 (6.8) | 0.96 (0.90–1.02) | 0.92 (0.85–1.00) |
Child’s Sex | Boys | 18 (38.3) | 29 (61.7) | - | - |
Girls | 26 (48.1) | 28 (51.9) | 0.67 (0.30–1.47) | 0.55 (0.21–1.35) | |
GDM | No GDM | 37 (46.8) | 42 (53.2) | - | - |
GDM | 6 (30.0) | 14 (70.0) | 2.06 (0.74–6.31) | 7.47 (1.68–46.22) | |
Birthweight | Mean (SD) | 7.9 (1.1) | 7.5 (1.2) | 0.75 (0.52–1.06) | 0.69 (0.45–1.02) |
No RWG | RWG > 1.28 SD | OR (univariable) | OR (multivariable) | ||
Maternal Age | Mean (SD) | 26.2 (6.2) | 24.8 (7.5) | 0.97 (0.91–1.03) | 0.93 (0.85–1.00) |
Child’s Sex | Boys | 24 (51.1) | 23 (48.9) | - | - |
Girls | 39 (72.2) | 15 (27.8) | 0.40 (0.17–0.91) | 0.35 (0.13–0.87) | |
GDM | No GDM | 53 (67.1) | 26 (32.9) | - | - |
GDM | 9 (45.0) | 11 (55.0) | 2.49 (0.92–6.92) | 6.02 (1.57–27.66) | |
Birthweight | Mean (SD) | 7.8 (1.1) | 7.6 (1.3) | 0.87 (0.61–1.23) | 0.85 (0.57–1.26) |
No RWG | RWG > 2 SD | OR (univariable) | OR (multivariable) | ||
Maternal Age | Mean (SD) | 25.5 (6.4) | 26.3 (8.0) | 1.02 (0.94–1.10) | 0.95 (0.85–1.04) |
Child’s Sex | Boys | 35 (74.5) | 12 (25.5) | - | - |
Girls | 46 (85.2) | 8 (14.8) | 0.51 (0.18–1.36) | 0.37 (0.10–1.24) | |
GDM | No GDM | 68 (86.1) | 11 (13.9) | - | - |
GDM | 11 (55.0) | 9 (45.0) | 5.06 (1.70–15.28) | 9.93 (2.18–53.50) | |
Birthweight | Mean (SD) | 7.8 (1.1) | 7.1 (1.3) | 0.59 (0.36–0.93) | 0.52 (0.29–0.86) |