Synopsis
Introduction
Methods
Recruitment
Mean ± SD / N(%) | N (%) | Before | During | Total | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(N = 1231) | (N = 576) | (N = 1807) | |||
Maternal age (years) | 1771 (98) | 31.6 ± 4.1 | 30.9 ± 4.2 | 31.4 ± 4.2 | 0.000 |
Maternal schooling years | 1775 (98.2) | 15.3 ± 2.6 | 15.3 ± 2.5 | 15.3 ± 2.6 | 0.990 |
Maternal education | 1787 (98.9) | ||||
Diploma or under | 528 (43.3) | 255 (44.8) | 783 (43.8) | 0.889 | |
Bachelor’s degree | 504 (41.4) | 234 (41.1) | 738 (41.3) | ||
Master’s degree | 168 (13.8) | 73 (12.8) | 241 (13.5) | ||
PhD/professional qualification | 18 (1.5) | 7 (1.2) | 25 (1.4) | ||
Household income in CNY | 1791 (99.1) | ||||
< 20,000 | 431 (35.3) | 215 (37.8) | 646 (36.1) | 0.031 | |
< 30,000 | 264 (21.6) | 148 (26) | 412 (23) | ||
< 40,000 | 168 (13.7) | 62 (10.9) | 230 (12.8) | ||
< 50,000 | 67 (5.5) | 17 (3) | 84 (4.7) | ||
> 50,000 | 33 (2.7) | 17 (3) | 50 (2.8) | ||
Other | 15 (1.2) | 3 (0.5) | 18 (1) | ||
Prefer not to say | 244 (20) | 107 (18.8) | 351 (19.6) | ||
Maternal social class | 1713 (94.8) | ||||
IV & V | 358 (30.7) | 172 (31.5) | 530 (30.9) | 0.762 | |
III | 375 (32.1) | 181 (33.2) | 556 (32.5) | ||
I & II | 434 (37.2) | 193 (35.3) | 627 (36.6) | ||
Infant gestation (weeks) | 1783 (98.7) | 38.8 ± 1.5 | 38.8 ± 1.4 | 38.8 ± 1.5 | 0.740 |
Infant gender | 1803 (99.8) | ||||
Male | 645 (52.5) | 279 (48.6) | 924 (51.2) | 0.125 | |
Female | 584 (47.5) | 295 (51.4) | 879 (48.8) | ||
Infant age (months) | 1807 (100) | 10.9 ± 3.1 | 6.6 ± 1.4 | 9.5 ± 3.3 | 0.000 |
Total No. of children in household | 1794 (99.3) | ||||
more than one child | 454 (37.1) | 211 (37) | 665 (37.1) | 0.945 | |
only one child | 769 (62.9) | 360 (63) | 1129 (62.9) | ||
Current accommodation | 1631 (90.3) | ||||
Bungalow | 5 (0.5) | 4 (0.8) | 9 (0.6) | 0.000 | |
T-apartment without garden | 112 (10.2) | 124 (23.4) | 236 (14.5) | ||
T-apartment with garden | 259 (23.5) | 100 (18.9) | 359 (22) | ||
B-apartment without garden | 162 (14.7) | 66 (12.5) | 228 (14) | ||
B-apartment with garden | 538 (48.8) | 231 (43.7) | 769 (47.1) | ||
Villa | 26 (2.4) | 4 (0.8) | 30 (1.8) |
N(%) | N (%) | Before | During | Total | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(N = 1231) | (N = 576) | (N = 1807) | |||
Living status during the lockdown | 1774 (98.2) | ||||
With husband | 409 (33.7) | 221 (39.5) | 630 (35.5) | 0.168 | |
With husband & parents | 310 (25.5) | 136 (24.3) | 446 (25.1) | ||
With husband & parents-in-law | 481 (39.6) | 199 (35.5) | 680 (38.3) | ||
Alone | 9 (0.7) | 2 (0.4) | 11 (0.6) | ||
Other | 5 (0.4) | 2 (0.4) | 7 (0.4) | ||
COVID impact on purchasing daily necessities | 1792 (99.2) | ||||
Great | 106 (8.7) | 57 (10) | 163 (9.1) | 0.014 | |
Moderate | 433 (35.5) | 232 (40.6) | 665 (37.1) | ||
Little | 375 (30.7) | 177 (30.9) | 552 (30.8) | ||
No | 306 (25.1) | 106 (18.5) | 412 (23) | ||
COVID impact on household income | 1797 (99.4) | ||||
Great | 144 (11.8) | 75 (13.1) | 219 (12.2) | 0.013 | |
Moderate | 466 (38.1) | 246 (42.9) | 712 (39.6) | ||
Little | 297 (24.3) | 143 (25) | 440 (24.5) | ||
No | 317 (25.9) | 109 (19) | 426 (23.7) | ||
COVID impact on birth location | 1788 (98.9) | ||||
Yes | 58 (4.8) | 61 (10.7) | 119 (6.7) | 0.000 | |
No | 1161 (95.2) | 508 (89.3) | 1669 (93.3) | ||
Birth location | 1806 (99.9) | ||||
National hospital | 1177 (95.7) | 552 (95.8) | 1729 (95.7) | 0.592 | |
Private hospital | 49 (4) | 24 (4.2) | 73 (4) | ||
Oversea hospital | 3 (0.2) | 0 (0) | 3 (0.2) | ||
Home | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.1) | ||
Mode of delivery | 1802 (99.7) | ||||
Vaginal | 744 (60.6) | 359 (62.4) | 1103 (61.2) | 0.656 | |
Vaginal induced | 38 (3.1) | 22 (3.8) | 60 (3.3) | ||
Planned caesarean | 300 (24.4) | 133 (23.1) | 433 (24) | ||
Emergency caesarean | 145 (11.8) | 61 (10.6) | 206 (11.4) | ||
Skin-to-skin contact after delivery | 1804 (99.8) | ||||
Yes | 1184 (96.3) | 555 (96.7) | 1739 (96.4) | 0.648 | |
No | 46 (3.7) | 19 (3.3) | 65 (3.6) |
N (%) | N (%) | Before | During | Total | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(N = 1231) | (N = 576) | (N = 1807) | |||
Feeding intention before delivery | 1800 (99.6) | ||||
Exclusive breastfeeding | 1014 (82.8) | 485 (84.2) | 1499 (83.3) | 0.660 | |
Formula feeding | 31 (2.5) | 13 (2.3) | 44 (2.4) | ||
Mixed feeding | 120 (9.8) | 47 (8.2) | 167 (9.3) | ||
No plans | 59 (4.8) | 31 (5.4) | 90 (5) | ||
Infant feeding at 6-month | 1800 (99.6) | ||||
Mostly breastfeeding | 746 (60.9) | 392 (68.1) | 1138 (63.2) | 0.014 | |
Formula feeding | 79 (6.5) | 32 (5.6) | 111 (6.2) | ||
Mixed feeding | 399 (32.6) | 152 (26.4) | 551 (30.6) | ||
Change in feeding intention and actual feeding for 6 month | 1806 (99.9) | 0.013 | |||
Yes, change | 366 (29.8) | 139 (24.1) | 505 (28) | ||
No change | 864 (70.2) | 437 (75.9) | 1301 (72) | ||
Current infant feeding | 1806 (99.9) | ||||
Mostly breastfeeding | 88 (7.2) | 210 (36.5) | 298 (16.5) | 0.000 | |
Breastfeeding + solids | 397 (32.3) | 150 (26) | 547 (30.3) | ||
Formula feeding | 38 (3.1) | 15 (2.6) | 53 (2.9) | ||
Formula feeding plus solid | 261 (21.2) | 43 (7.5) | 304 (16.8) | ||
Mixed milk feeding | 44 (3.6) | 42 (7.3) | 86 (4.8) | ||
Mixed feeding plus solids | 402 (32.7) | 116 (20.1) | 518 (28.7) | ||
COVID impact on original infant feeding | 1796 (99.4) | ||||
Great | 66 (5.4) | 30 (5.3) | 96 (5.3) | 0.036 | |
Moderate | 230 (18.8) | 140 (24.5) | 370 (20.6) | ||
Little | 246 (20.1) | 115 (20.1) | 361 (20.1) | ||
No | 683 (55.8) | 286 (50.1) | 969 (54) | ||
Received enough help with BF from professionals | 1804 (99.8) | ||||
Yes | 1170 (95.3) | 557 (96.7) | 1727 (95.7) | 0.163 | |
No | 58 (4.7) | 19 (3.3) | 77 (4.3) | ||
Received enough help with BF from family | 1804 (99.8) | ||||
Yes | 1164 (94.8) | 553 (96) | 1717 (95.2) | 0.260 | |
No | 64 (5.2) | 23 (4) | 87 (4.8) | ||
Enough support with own health | 1693 (93.7) | ||||
Yes | 1048 (90.5) | 488 (91.2) | 1536 (90.7) | 0.638 | |
No | 110 (9.5) | 47 (8.8) | 157 (9.3) | ||
Contact with a health professional (per week) | 1783 (98.7) | ||||
Never | 756 (62.3) | 347 (61) | 1103 (61.9) | 0.010 | |
1–3 times | 371 (30.6) | 166 (29.2) | 537 (30.1) | ||
4–5 times | 29 (2.4) | 31 (5.4) | 60 (3.4) | ||
Daily or more | 58 (4.8) | 25 (4.4) | 83 (4.7) | ||
Chat in a breastfeeding support group (per week) | 1785 (98.8) | ||||
Never | 539 (44.4) | 228 (40) | 767 (43) | 0.081 | |
1–3 times | 476 (39.2) | 231 (40.5) | 707 (39.6) | ||
4–5 times | 93 (7.7) | 41 (7.2) | 134 (7.5) | ||
Daily or more | 107 (8.8) | 70 (12.3) | 177 (9.9) | ||
Who supports infant feeding? (multiple choices allowed) | |||||
Partner | 1791 (99.1) | 774 (63.5) | 392 (68.5) | 1166 (65.1) | 0.037 |
Parent | 1791 (99.1) | 691 (56.7) | 301 (52.6) | 992 (55.4) | 0.107 |
Parent In-laws | 1791 (99.1) | 557 (45.7) | 260 (45.5) | 817 (45.6) | 0.925 |
Health professional | 1791 (99.1) | 551 (45.2) | 207 (36.2) | 758 (42.3) | 0.000 |
Friend/relative | 1791 (99.1) | 356 (29.2) | 125 (21.9) | 481 (26.9) | 0.001 |
Breastfeeding group | 1791 (99.1) | 386 (31.7) | 164 (28.7) | 550 (30.7) | 0.200 |
Online support | 1791 (99.1) | 243 (19.9) | 82 (14.3) | 325 (18.1) | 0.004 |
Other | 1791 (99.1) | 14 (1.1) | 2 (0.3) | 16 (0.9) | 0.094 |
No support | 1791 (99.1) | 39 (3.2) | 7 (1.2) | 46 (2.6) | 0.014 |
Content of the survey
Statistical analyses
Results
Demographic characteristics of the participants
Birth experiences and daily life
Infant feeding during the lockdown
Infant feeding support during the lockdown
Predictors of infant feeding during the first 6-months
6-month mostly breastfeeding rate | N (%) | Univariate analysis | Multivariable Logistic Regression | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-MBF | MBF | P value | 95% CI for OR | |||||
(N = 662) | (N = 1138) | (T = 1800) | OR | Lower | Upper | P value | ||
Infant born before/during lockdown? | 1800 (100) | 0.003 | ||||||
born before lockdown | 479 (39.1) | 746 (60.9) | ref | |||||
born during lockdown | 184 (31.9) | 392 (68.1) | 1.43 | 1.08 | 1.90 | 0.012 | ||
Maternal age (years)a | 1764 (98) | 31.8 ± 4.3 | 31.2 ± 4.1 | 0.000 | 0.96 | 0.93 | 0.99 | 0.011 |
Total years of maternal full-time education | 1769 (98.3) | 15.4 ± 2.5 | 15.3 ± 2.6 | 0.620 | 1.02 | 0.96 | 1.07 | 0.618 |
Household annual income in CNY | 1417 (78.7) | 0.781 | ||||||
< 200,000 | 239 (37.2) | 404 (62.8) | ref | |||||
200,000-300,000 | 161 (39.2) | 250 (60.8) | 0.94 | 0.69 | 1.29 | 0.700 | ||
> 300,000 | 135 (37.2) | 228 (62.8) | 1.36 | 0.96 | 1.93 | 0.089 | ||
Maternal social class b | 1706 (94.8) | 0.233 | ||||||
IV & V | 185 (35.1) | 342 (64.9) | ref | |||||
III | 197 (35.6) | 357 (64.4) | 1.08 | 0.76 | 1.53 | 0.666 | ||
I & II | 247 (39.5) | 379 (60.5) | 0.77 | 0.55 | 1.07 | 0.113 | ||
Building living c | 1627 (90.4) | 0.204 | ||||||
Bungalow | 5 (55.6) | 4 (44.4) | ref | |||||
T apartment without garden | 79 (33.5) | 157 (66.5) | 3.82 | 0.66 | 22.13 | 0.134 | ||
T apartment with garden | 119 (33.2) | 239 (66.8) | 4.75 | 0.83 | 27.16 | 0.080 | ||
B apartment no garden | 83 (36.4) | 145 (63.6) | 3.67 | 0.64 | 21.21 | 0.146 | ||
B apartment with garden | 302 (39.4) | 465 (60.6) | 2.82 | 0.50 | 15.84 | 0.240 | ||
Villa with garden | 9 (30) | 21 (70) | 3.53 | 0.50 | 25.18 | 0.208 | ||
whether had support from families/friends after birth | 1797 (99.8) | 0.360 | ||||||
No | 36 (41.4) | 51 (58.6) | ref | |||||
Yes | 625 (36.5) | 1086 (63.5) | 1.95 | 1.06 | 3.59 | 0.032 | ||
Enough infant feeding support? | 1784 (99.1) | 0.053 | ||||||
not enough | 23 (50) | 23 (50) | ref | |||||
enough | 628 (36.1) | 1111 (63.9) | 1.44 | 0.69 | 3.03 | 0.334 | ||
Enough support with own health? | 1686 (93.7) | 0.060 | ||||||
not enough | 68 (43.3) | 89 (56.7) | ref | |||||
enough | 548 (35.8) | 982 (64.2) | 1.42 | 0.90 | 2.24 | 0.135 | ||
Contact with a health professional (/week) | 1776 (98.7) | 0.050 | ||||||
Never | 428 (38.9) | 673 (61.1) | ref | |||||
1–3 times/week | 183 (34.3) | 351 (65.7) | 1.05 | 0.77 | 1.43 | 0.759 | ||
4+ times/week | 43 (30.3) | 99 (69.7) | 1.12 | 0.65 | 1.94 | 0.684 | ||
Discuss health issues in mothers’ group online (/week) | 1778 (98.8) | 0.040 | ||||||
Never | 305 (39.9) | 459 (60.1) | ref | |||||
1–3 times/week | 251 (35.6) | 455 (64.4) | 1.23 | 0.91 | 1.68 | 0.177 | ||
4+ times/week | 99 (32) | 210 (68) | 1.66 | 1.09 | 2.53 | 0.019 | ||
Mode of delivery | 1796 (99.8) | 0.000 | ||||||
Vaginal | 387 (33.4) | 772 (66.6) | ref | |||||
Caesarean | 275 (43.1) | 363 (56.9) | 0.77 | 0.59 | 1.01 | 0.059 | ||
whether COVID impacted birth location | 1782 (99) | 0.584 | ||||||
Yes | 41 (34.5) | 78 (65.5) | ref | |||||
No | 615 (37) | 1049 (63) | 1.67 | 0.96 | 2.90 | 0.067 | ||
COVID impact on purchasing daily necessities | 1785 (99.2) | 0.355 | ||||||
Moderate-great impact | 294 (35.6) | 532 (64.4) | ref | |||||
Little or no impact | 362 (37.7) | 598 (62.3) | 0.80 | 0.61 | 1.04 | 0.096 |