nach oben

Erschienen in:

03.07.2023 | RESEARCH

Association between handwashing and gargling education for children and prevention of respiratory tract infections: a longitudinal Japanese children population-based study

verfasst von: Kensuke Uraguchi, Toshiharu Mitsuhashi, Naomi Matsumoto, Soshi Takao, Seiichiro Makihara, Mizuo Ando, Takashi Yorifuji

Erschienen in: European Journal of Pediatrics | Ausgabe 9/2023

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Purpose

A longitudinal study was conducted to examine the effects of handwashing and gargling education for children on the prevention of respiratory tract infections (RTIs) in children in Japan.

Methods

The study included 38,554 children born in 2010 who were enrolled in a longitudinal study. Information on children’s hygiene education regarding handwashing and gargling was collected in a survey at the age of 3.5 years. Based on parents' reports of doctors’ diagnoses, airway infections and influenza events in the 12-month duration before the survey were evaluated for RTIs at the ages of 4.5 and 9 years. Poisson regression with robust variance was performed to examine the effects of hygiene education on RTIs prevention. The supplementary analysis was stratified by household income.

Results

Children were categorized into different groups: 38% in the handwashing and gargling group, 29% in the handwashing group, 0.1% in the gargling group, and 9.7% in the no-education group. Exclusions were made for non-respondent children (23%) and those in the gargling group. Hygiene education was associated with decreased influenza at the age of 4.5 years in the handwashing (adjusted RR [aRR] = 0.8; 95% CI, 0.8–0.9) and handwashing and gargling groups (aRR = 0.8; 95% CI, 0.8–0.9) compared with no education. However, no preventive effects on airway infections at the age of 4.5 and 9, influenza at the age of 9, or hospitalization between the ages of 3.5 and 9 years were detected. Handwashing and gargling could significantly prevent influenza in low-income households (aRR = 0.7; 95% CI, 0.6–0.8).

Conclusions: Gargling education was widespread and mostly combined with handwashing education in Japan. Hygiene education significantly affected prevention of influenza infections at the age of 4.5 years, especially in low-income households.

What is Known:

• Previous intervention studies showed handwashing and gargling are effective in preventing respiratory tract infections.

What is New:

• We conducted a longitudinal study on handwashing and gargling education in Japanese children and found that handwashing and gargling were widely practiced together.

• Handwashing and gargling education were related to a reduction in influenza, particularly in low-income households.

Nur mit Berechtigung zugänglich

Monto AS (2002, Apr 22) Epidemiology of viral respiratory infections. Am J Med 112(Suppl 6A):4S-12S. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9343(01)01058-0

Lewnard JA, Bruxvoort KJ, Fischer H et al (2022) Effectiveness of 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Against Medically Attended Lower Respiratory Tract Infection and Pneumonia Among Older Adults. Clin Infect Dis 75(5):832–841. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciab1051CrossRefPubMed

Hall V, Foulkes S, Insalata F et al (2022) Protection against SARS-CoV-2 after Vaccination and Previous Infection. N Engl J Med 386(13):1207–1220. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2118691CrossRefPubMed

Shono A, Kondo M (2015) Factors associated with seasonal influenza vaccine uptake among children in Japan. BMC Infect Dis 15:72. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-015-0821-3CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Jefferson T, Del Mar CB, Dooley L et al (2020) Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 11(11):Cd006207. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006207.pub5

Talic S, Shah S, Wild H et al (2021) Effectiveness of public health measures in reducing the incidence of covid-19, SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and covid-19 mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis. Bmj 375:e068302. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2021-068302

Satomura K, Kitamura T, Kawamura T et al (2005) Prevention of upper respiratory tract infections by gargling: a randomized trial. Am J Prev Med 29(4):302–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2005.06.013CrossRefPubMed

Xu C, Wang A, Hoskin ER et al (2021) Differential Effects of Antiseptic Mouth Rinses on SARS-CoV-2 Infectivity In Vitro. Pathogens 10(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10030272

Tiong V, Hassandarvish P, Bakar SA et al (2021) The effectiveness of various gargle formulations and salt water against SARS-CoV-2. Sci Rep 11(1):20502. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-99866-wCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

10.

Goodall EC, Granados AC, Luinstra K et al (2014) Vitamin D3 and gargling for the prevention of upper respiratory tract infections: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Infect Dis 14:273. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-14-273CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

11.

Berhanu A, Mengistu DA, Temesgen LM et al (2022) Hand washing practice among public primary school children and associated factors in Harar town, eastern Ethiopia: An institution-based cross-sectional study. Front Public Health 10:975507. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.975507

12.

Noda T, Ojima T, Hayasaka S et al (2012) Gargling for oral hygiene and the development of fever in childhood: a population study in Japan. J Epidemiol 22(1):45–49. https://doi.org/10.2188/jea.je20100181CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

13.

Lee BY, Shah M (2012) Prevention of influenza in healthy children. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 10(10):1139–1152. https://doi.org/10.1586/eri.12.106CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

14.

Feldstein LR, Ogokeh C, Rha B et al (2021) Vaccine Effectiveness Against Influenza Hospitalization Among Children in the United States, 2015–2016. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 10(2):75–82. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpids/piaa017CrossRefPubMed

15.

Shimizu E, Iwasaki K, Hongo Y et al (2022) Diagnosis and treatment of influenza based on health insurance claims between the 2010–2011 and 2019–2020 influenza seasons in Japan. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 16(4):621–625. https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.12977CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

16.

Iuliano AD, Roguski KM, Chang HH et al (2018) Estimates of global seasonal influenza-associated respiratory mortality: a modelling study. Lancet 391(10127):1285–1300. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(17)33293-2CrossRefPubMed

17.

Zou G (2004) A modified poisson regression approach to prospective studies with binary data. Am J Epidemiol 159(7):702–706. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwh090

18.

Mamelund SE, Shelley-Egan C, Rogeberg O (2021) The association between socioeconomic status and pandemic influenza: Systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 16(9):e0244346. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244346

19.

Sakai M, Shimbo T, Omata K et al (2008) Cost-effectiveness of gargling for the prevention of upper respiratory tract infections. BMC Health Serv Res 8:258. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-8-258CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

20.

Little P, Stuart B, Hobbs FD et al (2015) An internet-delivered handwashing intervention to modify influenza-like illness and respiratory infection transmission (PRIMIT): a primary care randomised trial. Lancet 386(10004):1631–1639. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60127-1CrossRefPubMed

21.

Takahashi S, Sato K, Kusaka Y, Hagihara A et al (2017) Public preventive awareness and preventive behaviors during a major influenza epidemic in Fukui. Japan J Infect Public Health 10(5):637–643. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2017.04.002CrossRefPubMed

22.

Ide K, Kawasaki Y, Akutagawa M, Yamada H (2017) Effects of Green Tea Gargling on the Prevention of Influenza Infection: An Analysis Using Bayesian Approaches. J Altern Complement Med 23(2):116–120. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2016.0094CrossRefPubMed

23.

Meister TL, Brüggemann Y, Todt D et al (2020) Virucidal Efficacy of Different Oral Rinses Against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2. J Infect Dis 222(8):1289–1292. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaa471CrossRefPubMed

24.

Carrouel F, Valette M, Gadea E et al (2021) Use of an antiviral mouthwash as a barrier measure in the SARS-CoV-2 transmission in adults with asymptomatic to mild COVID-19: a multicentre, randomized, double-blind controlled trial. Clin Microbiol Infect 27(10):1494–1501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2021.05.028CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

25.

Ide K, Yamada H, Matsushita K et al (2014) Effects of green tea gargling on the prevention of influenza infection in high school students: a randomized controlled study. PLoS One 9(5):e96373. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0096373

26.

Umeda M, Tominaga T, Kozuma K et al (2021) Preventive effects of tea and tea catechins against influenza and acute upper respiratory tract infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Nutr 60(8):4189–4202. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-021-02681-2CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

27.

Fujita M, Sato Y, Nagashima K, Takahashi S, Hata A (2016) Income Related Inequality of Health Care Access in Japan: A Retrospective Cohort Study. PLoS One 11(3):e0151690. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0151690

28.

Ishida Y, Ohde S, Takahashi O et al (2012) Factors affecting health care utilization for children in Japan. Pediatrics 129(1):e113-119. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-1321CrossRefPubMed

29.

Lasser KE, Himmelstein DU, Woolhandler S (2006) Access to care, health status, and health disparities in the United States and Canada: results of a cross-national population-based survey. Am J Public Health 96(7):1300–1307. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2004.059402CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

30.

Marmot M, Friel S, Bell R, Houweling TA, Taylor S, Commission on Social Determinants of Health (2008) Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health. Lancet 372(9650):1661–1669. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61690-6CrossRefPubMed

31.

Nishide A, Fujita M, Sato Y, Nagashima K, Takahashi S, Hata A (2017) Income-Related Inequalities in Access to Dental Care Services in Japan. Int J Environ Res Public Health 14(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14050524

32.

Duijster D, Buxton H, Benzian H et al (2020) Impact of a school-based water, sanitation and hygiene programme on children’s independent handwashing and toothbrushing habits: a cluster-randomised trial. Int J Public Health 65(9):1699–1709. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-020-01514-zCrossRefPubMed

33.

Younie S, Mitchell C, Bisson MJ, Crosby S, Kukona A, Laird K (2020) Improving young children's handwashing behaviour and understanding of germs: The impact of A Germ's Journey educational resources in schools and public spaces. PLoS One 15(11):e0242134. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242134

Titel: Association between handwashing and gargling education for children and prevention of respiratory tract infections: a longitudinal Japanese children population-based study
verfasst von: Kensuke Uraguchi
Toshiharu Mitsuhashi
Naomi Matsumoto
Soshi Takao
Seiichiro Makihara
Mizuo Ando
Takashi Yorifuji
Publikationsdatum: 03.07.2023
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in: European Journal of Pediatrics / Ausgabe 9/2023
Print ISSN: 0340-6199
Elektronische ISSN: 1432-1076
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-023-05062-5

Update Pädiatrie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen

Live-Webinar "Urologie und Sexualmedizin in der Praxis"

Springer Medizin

Association between handwashing and gargling education for children and prevention of respiratory tract infections: a longitudinal Japanese children population-based study