With great interest, we read the recently published meta-analysis by Yu et al. stating that anisodamine was able to improve microcirculation in patients with septic shock, as supported by lower serum lactate levels and less vasopressor requirements in the treated group [1]. However, the mortality rate in the treated group was lower than that in the usual care group, suggesting that this non-significant finding might be attributable to the limited sample size of the current study [1]. The authors describe the potential beneficial effects of anisodamine in detail, but do not mention the numerous side effects. Anisodamine, a tropane alkaloid extracted from the root of Anisodus tanguticus (Maxim.) Pascher in the family Solanaceae, acts as non-specific muscarinic cholinoceptor antagonist competing with acetylcholine for binding to the muscarinic cholinergic receptor, blocking nerve impulses and physiological functions associated with cholinergic neurotransmission [2]. The autonomic receptors distributed in the cardiac, vascular, and airway smooth muscle are mainly muscarinic cholinoceptors [2]. Thus, the antimuscarinic activity of anisodamine can potentially lead to various physiological effects on the cardiorespiratory system [2] and early experimental and clinical studies have indeed reported that structurally-related tropane alkaloids (such as anisodamine, anisodine, scopolamine, and atropine) have potentially undesirable effects on the particularly the cardiovascular systems [2], such as tachycardia and induction of arrhythmia [2] especially atrial arrhythmia [3]. Anisodamine is also know to increase the heart oxygen consumption and can cause torsade de pointes by increasing the QT interval [4]. Anisodamine induces coronary blood vessel dilation, increasing coronary blood flow, while also possibly inducing simultaneous elevation of the ventricular fibrillation threshold [5].
Authors’ response
Yuetian Yu3, Cheng Zhu4, 5 and Zhongheng Zhang6
(3)
Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
(4)
Department of Disease Prevention and Control, Rui Jin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
(5)
Department of Emergency Medicine, Rui Jin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
(6)
Department of Emergency Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016, China
We thank Dr. Patrick Honoré and his colleagues for their comments and for the opportunity to further clarify some of the issues raised in our clinical trial [1]. Our study revealed that anisodamine treatment may decrease the serum lactate levels and the need for vasopressors in patients with septic shock. We fully agree that benefits and risks should be carefully weighed. Therefore, we have already pointed out in the protocol that major adverse events related to anisodamine administration (bowel obstruction, urine retention, tachy arrythmias) should be pre-specified in the case report form and should be screened daily by the investigators [6].
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Arrhythmia can be noticed easily, which include atrial fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia and even ventricular fibrillation. In a multicenter, randomized trial, it was indicated that arrhythmia was recognized in 207 (24.1%) shock patients with dopamine treatment and 102 (12.4%) shock patients under norepinephrine treatment (p < 0.001) [7]. We acknowledge the fact that the antimuscarinic activity of anisodamine can potentially lead to various physiological effects on the cardiorespiratory system, especially atrial arrhythmias [3]. However, it is difficult to ascribe the side effects to anisodamine administration or the vasopressor treatment.
Our study included 355 patients with septic shock, including 22 (6%) with heart failure (11 in each group). Data of these patients was re-analyzed and it showed that atrial fibrillation was recognized in 4 patients in the anisodamine group and 3 patients in the control group. For the entire population, arrhythmias were found in 15 (8.3%) patients in the anisodamine group and 18 (10.3%) patients in the control group (p = 0.627) during the treatment, which is lower than in the previous study [7]. The side effects of arrhythmias cannot be ignored due to the anisodamine treatment, especially for those with cardiogenic shock and further study is needed to clarify the causality.
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