A patient survey indicates quality of life and progression-free survival as equally important outcome measures in multiple myeloma clinical trials
verfasst von:
Anna Fleischer, Larissa Zapf, Johannes Allgaier, Karin Jordan, Götz Gelbrich, Rüdiger Pryss, Johannes Schobel, Max Bittrich, Hermann Einsele, Martin Kortüm, Imad Maatouk, Niels Weinhold, Leo Rasche
This study was previously presented at the 63rd ASH Annual Meeting and Exposition in Atlanta, Georgia, December 11–14, 2021; oral presentation.
Anna Fleischer and Larissa Zapf contributed equally.
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Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
A key challenge in cancer therapy is to balance potential survival benefit against treatment-related toxicity and subsequent impairment of Quality of Life (QoL). The oncologist’s role is not only to deliver the best quality anticancer treatment but also to consider the impact of the disease and treatment on each patient (Jordan et al. 2018). In Multiple Myeloma (MM) patients are usually continuously treated for several years. Continuous therapy, however, constantly exposes patients to displeasing side effects (Jordan et al. 2014). QoL in MM patients deteriorates with each subsequent line of therapy (Engelhardt et al. 2021). QoL measurements have been implemented as a secondary endpoint in almost all recent MM trials. Yet, it is important to note that the patients’ preference on a survival benefit versus a potentially impaired QoL has yet to be studied in MM, e.g. it is unknown whether patients would accept reduced survival for better QoL or vice-versa.
Maintenance therapy with lenalidomide (LEN) is a scenario in which this preference appears highly relevant (Richardson et al. 2022). On the one hand, two meta-analyses confirmed a progression-free survival (PFS) benefit in patients treated with LEN until progression of roughly 24 months compared to placebo or observation (McCarthy et al. 2017). On the other hand, a number of LEN-related side effects such as thromboembolism, diarrhea, peripheral neuropathy, constipation, and muscle pain were frequently observed (Pawlyn et al. 2014). Further, the incidence of second primary malignancies (SPMs) was reported to be three-fold higher for patients treated with LEN (Holstein et al. 2017). These negative effects, which mainly included grade 1 toxicities, sum up to a clear, yet undetermined deficit in QoL during LEN maintenance.
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To address the question whether continuous LEN matches with the patient's preference on maintenance therapy, we analyzed patient reported outcome measures on maintenance therapy and related clinical endpoints in patients with MM. We actively involved MM patients to develop an online survey of 205 questions tailored especially to the needs of patients with MM under LEN maintenance therapy. The survey contained two validated questionnaires (EORTC, QoL questionnaires C30 and My20) on QoL and a set of additional questions pertaining to LEN toxicity and tolerability, which we developed together with a focus group of patients from the University Hospital Würzburg (Supplemental Table 1). To directly address the patient’s preference, we included an additional questionnaire that asked patients, whether they would choose a shortened time of PFS in favor of an increased QoL (Table 1). We distributed the online survey with the help of patient advocacy groups for MM patients in Germany. Patients who were interested in participating in our survey anonymously logged in to our public homepage and answered the questions. The survey was open for a timeframe of 50 days.
Table 1
Patient preferences regarding outcome measures (PFS and QoL)
Preference
All patients
Long PFS
High QoL
None
Number of patients
92
81
21
194
Advanced treatment line
Yes
21 (11%)
32 (16%)
11 (6%)
64 (33%)
No
71 (37%)
49 (25%)
10 (5%)
130 (67%)
Fisher exact test statistic value < 0.021
The result is significant at p < 0.05
Number of patients
90
79
21
190
Tendency to hand over responsibility to physicians
Yes
31 (16%)
14 (7%)
7 (4%)
52 (27%)
No
59 (31%)
65 (34%)
15 (8%)
138 (73%)
Fisher exact test statistic value < 0.0153
The result is significant at p < 0.05
Number of patients
92
76
18
186
Diarrhoea
Mild or none
79 (42%)
65 (35%)
16 (9%)
160 (86%)
Severe or very severe
13 (7%)
11 (6%)
2 (1%)
26 (14%)
Fisher exact test statistic value = 1
The result is not significant at p < 0.05
Number of patients
90
75
19
184
Nausea
Mild or none
87 (47%)
72 (39%)
19 (10%)
178 (97%)
Severe or very severe
3 (1.5%)
3 (1.5%)
0
6 (3%)
Fisher exact test statistic value = 1
The result is not significant at p < 0.05
Number of patients
90
75
18
183
Constipation
Mild or none
84 (46%)
69 (38%)
18 (9%)
171 (93%)
Severe or very severe
6 (3%)
6 (3%)
0
12 (6%)
Fisher exact test statistic value = 0.77
The result is not significant at p < 0.05
Number of patients
90
76
19
185
Fatigue
Mild or none
70 (38%)
60 (32%)
15 (8%)
145 (78%)
Severe or very severe
20 (11%)
16 (9%)
4 (2%)
40 (22%)
Fisher exact test statistic value = 1
The result is not significant at p < 0.05
Number of patients
92
76
19
187
Fever
Yes
2 (1%)
4 (2%)
0
6 (3%)
No
90 (48%)
72 (39%)
19 (10%)
181 (97%)
Fisher exact test statistic value = 0.41
The result is not significant at p < 0.05
Number of patients
90
73
19
182
Upper airway infection
Mild or none
90 (49%)
70 (38%)
19 (10%)
179 (96%)
Severe or very severe
0
3 (2%)
0
3 (2%)
Fisher exact test statistic value = 0.09
The result is not significant at p < 0.05
Number of patients
90
76
19
185
Pulmonary infection
Mild or none
85 (46%)
74 (40%)
19 (10%)
178 (96%)
Severe or very severe
5 (3%)
2 (1%)
0
7 (4%)
Fisher exact test statistic value = 0.46
The result is not significant at p < 0.05
Number of patients
90
75
19
184
Dyspnea
Mild or none
81 (44%)
69 (38%)
18 (9%)
168 (91%)
Severe or very severe
9 (5%)
6 (3%)
1 (1%)
16 (9%)
Fisher exact test statistic value = 0.79
The result is not significant at p < 0.05
Number of patients
91
76
19
186
Vertigo
Mild or none
85 (46%)
72 (39%)
19 (10%)
176 (95%)
Severe or very severe
6 (3%)
4 (2%)
0
10 (5%)
Fisher exact test statistic value = 0.76
The result is not significant at p < 0.05
Number of patients
91
75
19
185
Sensory peripheral neuropathy
Mild or none
83 (45%)
66 (36%)
18 (9%)
167 (90%)
Severe or very severe
8 (4%)
9 (5%)
1 (1%)
18 (10%)
Fisher exact test statistic value = 0.61
The result is not significant at p < 0.05
Number of patients
89
75
19
183
Secondary malignancy
Yes
6 (3%)
3 (2%)
1 (1%)
10 (6%)
No
83 (45%)
72 (39%)
18 (10%)
173 (94%)
Fisher exact test statistic value = 0.51
The result is not significant at p < 0.05
Number of patients
92
74
18
184
General muscular weakness
Yes
35 (19%)
32 (17%)
9 (5%)
76 (41%)
No
57 (31%)
42 (23%)
9 (5%)
108 (59%)
Fisher exact test statistic value = 0.53
The result is not significant at p < 0.05
Number of patients
89
76
19
184
Muscle cramps
Mild or none
74 (40%)
62 (34%)
17 (9%)
153 (83%)
Severe or very severe
15 (8%)
14 (8%)
2 (1%)
31 (17%)
Number of patients
91
76
19
186
Thrombosis/thromboembolism
Yes
14 (8%)
11 (6%)
4 (2%)
29 (16%)
No
77 (41%)
65 (35%)
15 (8%)
157 (84%)
Fisher exact test statistic value = 1
The result is not significant at p < 0.05
Number of patients
88
78
21
187
Back pain
Yes
10 (5%)
4 (2%)
3 (1%)
17 (9%)
No
78 (42%)
74 (40%)
18 (9%)
170 (91%)
Fisher exact test statistic value = 0.17
The result is not significant at p < 0.05
Number of patients
88
79
21
188
Hip pain
Yes
87 (46%)
78 (41%)
21 (11%)
186 (99%)
No
1 (1%)
1 (1%)
0
2 (1%)
Fisher exact test statistic value = 1
The result is not significant at p < 0.05
Number of patients
91
80
20
191
Arm or shoulder pain
Yes
46 (24%)
51 (27%)
8 (4%)
105 (55%)
No
45 (24%)
29 (15%)
12 (63%)
86 (45%)
Fisher exact test statistic value = 0.09
The result is not significant at p < 0.05
Number of patients
89
78
21
188
Chest pain
Yes
24 (13%)
27 (14%)
9 (5%)
60 (32%)
No
65 (35%)
51 (27%)
12 (6%)
128 (68%)
Fisher exact test statistic value = 0.32
The result is not significant at p < 0.05
Number of patients
91
81
21
193
Dry mouth
Yes
50 (26%)
45 (23%)
12 (6%)
107 (55%)
No
41 (21%)
36 (19%)
9 (5%)
86 (45%)
Fisher exact test statistic value = 1
The result is not significant at p < 0.05
Number of patients
90
78
21
189
Hair loss
Yes
20 (11%)
20 (11%)
6 (3%)
46 (24%)
No
70 (37%)
58 (31%)
15 (8%)
143 (76%)
Fisher exact test statistic value = 0.72
The result is not significant at p < 0.05
Number of patients
91
81
21
193
Heartburn
Yes
41 (21%)
32 (17%)
12 (6%)
85 (44%)
No
50 (26%)
49 (25%)
9 (5%)
108 (56%)
Fisher exact test statistic value = 0.54
The result is not significant at p < 0.05
Number of patients
86
78
21
185
Lenalidomide maintenance therapy
At the time of the survey
68 (36%)
48 (26%)
18 (10%)
134 (72%)
Before the time of the survey
18 (10%)
30 (16%)
3 (2%)
51 (28%)
Fisher exact test statistic value = 0.0164
The result is significant at p < 0.05
Of 194 patients with MM who answered this question, an unexpected high number of 81 (42%) subjects were willing to accept a shorter PFS for better QoL. On the other hand, 92 (47%) preferred a longer PFS at the cost of reduced QoL. Twenty-one patients (11%) indicated to be undecided.
×
We next addressed the question whether specific features were associated with the two main groups (“in favor QoL” vs “in favor PFS”) (Sacristán et al. 2016). Patients who belonged to the “in favor QoL”-group tended to be in more advanced treatment lines when compared to the “in favor PFS-group” (P = 0.0001; Fisher test, not corrected for multiple testing). Those patients who had received LEN maintenance therapy before the time of the survey and whose LEN therapy had been terminated before the time the survey was undertaken, were significantly more likely to belong to the “in favor QoL”-group. Patients who preferred PFS were found to generally be more likely to hand over responsibility to their physicians (P = 0.01; Fisher test). No associations were found for other disease specific conditions including pain, gastrointestinal symptoms, fatigue or infection (Table 1). Of note, we did not find differences between severe or very severe side effects being associated with one of the two groups. It is important to take into consideration, that these results were gathered using an anonymous web-based questionnaire, and patients’ preferences on possible outcome measures in myeloma may change over time during the course of treatment and have yet to be determined. Despite these limitations, we conclude that QoL constitutes the central outcome measure for roughly half of our patients.
Planning a new generation of clinical trials requires active involvement of patients to value their preferences concerning study endpoints (Mohyuddin et al. 2022; Auclair et al. 2022; Mols et al. 2012). It is important to consider the patient’s perspective to adapt study design and endpoints to the needs of the patients. This procedure may add a new dimension to traditional outcome measures specifically regarding the primary endpoint. While capturing changes in QoL has become standard in clinical trials, it remains difficult for both patients and treating physicians to envision the trade-off between survival outcome and QoL and to use this information for shared decision-making. In our opinion, statistically significant results alone are barely helpful. As an alternative approach, we propose to provide a trade-off between PFS and QoL presented in terms of likelihood rather than statistical significance. For instance, for an individual patient treated in arm A of a given study, the likelihood of being progression-free at 3 years from treatment may be 80% and QoL 70%, whereas in arm B PFS likelihood is 60% and QoL 90%.
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In conclusion, our data strongly suggest that future studies in this setting should include PFS and QoL measures as co-primary endpoints to account for the heterogeneity in patients’ preferences and to collect the information necessary for shared decision-making in future patients. The results of our study accentuate significant differences in patients’ preferences, thus underlining the importance of assessing individual patient needs in determining the endpoints of further research.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the patients for their active involvement in this study.
Declarations
Conflict of interest
KJ reports personal fees as an invited speaker from Amgen, art tempi, Helsinn, Hexal, med update GmbH, MSD, Mundipharma, onkowissen, Riemser, Roche, Shire (Takeda) and Vifor; personal fees for advisory board membership from Amgen, AstraZeneca, BD Solutions, Hexal, Karyopharm and Voluntis HE reports personal fees from: Janssen,Celgene/BMS, Amgen, GSK, Sanofi: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research, NW: Sanofi: Honoraria. AF: fees for advisory board membership from GSK, speaker training BMS, LR personal fees from: Janssen,Celgene/BMS, Amgen, GSK, Sanofi, Pfizer: Consultancy, Honoraria. The remaining authors report no conflict of interests.
Ethics approval
The study was approved by the ethics committee of Würzburg (AZ 270/20).
Consent to participate
Only patients who were able to give informed consent were included.
Consent for publication
All included patients gave their consent for publication of the collected data.
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A patient survey indicates quality of life and progression-free survival as equally important outcome measures in multiple myeloma clinical trials
verfasst von
Anna Fleischer Larissa Zapf Johannes Allgaier Karin Jordan Götz Gelbrich Rüdiger Pryss Johannes Schobel Max Bittrich Hermann Einsele Martin Kortüm Imad Maatouk Niels Weinhold Leo Rasche
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